Evidence-based practices that deal with work-family conflict and enrichment: systematic literature review
Abstract
Work and family are the most important aspects in everyday life that interact with each other simultaneously. The interaction between work and family may cause both negative and positive outcomes that is why scientists and practitioners are seeking to understand how to control them. The purpose of this article was to review existing literature on work-family conflict and enrichment interventions. We conducted a systematic literature review to investigate the evidence-based practises that dealt with reduction of work-family conflict and increase in work-family enrichment. After the screening, 12 articles from 699 unique studies were selected for the in-depth analysis. 11 out of 12 represented interventions confirmed significant positive results about the reduction of work-family conflict or increase in work-family enrichment. It is not surprising that organizations quite often choose training/workshop as the most suitable intervention. Similarly, only one scientific article presented the intervention that used real organizational change to reduce work-family conflict. Additionally, only one intervention was oriented towards the positive side of work family interaction – increase in work-family enrichment. Finally, practical implications and future research directions are proposed in the discussion.
Keyword : work-family interaction, work-family conflict, work-family enrichment, work-family balance, intervention, systematic literature review
How to Cite
Vadvilavičius, T., & Stelmokienė, A. (2020). Evidence-based practices that deal with work-family conflict and enrichment: systematic literature review. Business: Theory and Practice, 21(2), 820-826. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2020.12252
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Cho, E., & Allen, T. D. (2019). The transnational family: A typology and implications for work-family balance. Human Resource Management Review, 29(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.01.001
Clayton, R. W., Thomas, C. H., Schaffer, B. S., Stratton, M., Garrison, E., & Mathews, L. G. (2017). Exercise and work-family conflict: a field experiment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2015-0324
Durbin, D. R., House, S. C., Meagher, E. A., & Rogers, J. G. (2019). The role of mentors in addressing issues of work–life integration in an academic research environment. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 3(6), 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.408
Farradinna, S., & Halim, F. W. (2016). The consequences of work-family conflict, burnout and organizational commitment among women in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.012
Freifeld, L. (2019). 2019 training industry report. Training: the official publication of training magazine network. https://trainingmag.com/sites/default/files/2019_industry_report.pdf
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., &… Lazar, S. W. (2015). Contemplating mindfulness at work. Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
Haar, J. M. (2004). Work-family conflict and turnover intention: Exploring the moderation effects. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 35–39.
Hammer, L. B., Johnson, R. C., Crain, T. L., Bodner, T., Kossek, E. E., Davis, K. D., ... & Berkman, L. (2016). Intervention effects on safety compliance and citizenship behaviors: Evidence from the work, family, and health study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(2), 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000047
Haslam, D. M., Sanders, M. R., & Sofronoff, K. (2013). Reducing work and family conflict in teachers: A randomised controlled trial of Workplace Triple P. School Mental Health, 5(2), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-012-9091-z
Heskiau, R. (2017). Work-family enrichment training: promoting transferability of resources across life domains [Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto]. Toronto, Canada. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.12586abstract
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., & Tranby, E. (2011). Changing workplaces to reduce work-family conflict: Schedule control in a white-collar organization. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411400056
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D., ... & Mierzwa, F. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 485–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414531435
Kiburz, K. M., Allen, T. D., & French, K. A. (2017). Work-family conflict and mindfulness: Investigating the effectiveness of a brief training intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 1016–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2181
Lapierre, L. M., Li, Y., Kwan, H. K., Greenhaus, J. H., DiRenzo, M. S., & Shao, P. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the antecedents of work-family enrichment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2234
Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306
Mazzucchelli, S. (2017). Flexibility and work-family balance: a win-win solution for companies? The case of Italy. International Review of Sociology, 27(3), 436–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2017.1377411
McNall, L. A., Masuda, A. D., & Nicklin, J. M. (2009). Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: the mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. The Journal of Psychology, 144(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980903356073
McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the consequences associated with work-family enrichment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 381–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9141-1
McNamara, T. K., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., Brown, M., & Valcour, M. (2013). Across the continuum of satisfaction with work–family balance: Work hours, flexibility-fit, and work–family culture. Social Science Research, 42(2), 283–298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.10.002
Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive-emotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting work-life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 733–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12072
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2011). The evolution of Hofstede’s doctrine. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601111104269
Moazami-Goodarzi, A., Nurmi, J. E., Mauno, S., Aunola, K., & Rantanen, J. (2018). Longitudinal latent profiles of work–family balance: Examination of antecedents and outcomes. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000093
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., Fan, W., Lee, S. R., Almeida, D., Kossek, E. E., & Buxton, O. M. (2016). Does a flexibility/support organizational initiative improve high-tech employees’ well-being? Evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 81(1), 134–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415622391
Morganson, V. J., Litano, M. L., & O’Neill, S. K. (2014). Promoting work–family balance through positive psychology: A practical review of the literature. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(4), 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/mgr0000023
Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(2), 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054
Nohe, C., & Sonntag, K. (2014). Work-family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.007
Olson, R., Crain, T. L., Bodner, T. E., King, R., Hammer, L. B., Klein, L. C., ... & Buxton, O. M. (2015). A workplace intervention improves sleep: results from the randomized controlled Work, Family, and Health Study. Sleep Health, 1(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.11.003
Pecino, V., Mañas-Rodríguez, M. Á., Díaz-Fúnez, P. A., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Padilla-Góngora, D., & López-Liria, R. (2018). Interpersonal justice climate, extra-role performance and work family balance: A multilevel mediation model of employee well-being. PloS One, 13(11), e0207458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207458
Posard, M. N., Hultquist, M., & Segal, D. R. (2013). Adjusting the duty day schedule to improve health and family life in garrison. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(6), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.795086
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Slutsky, J., Chin, B., Raye, J., & Creswell, J. D. (2019). Mindfulness training improves employee well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000132
Smith, T. D., Hughes, K., DeJoy, D. M., & Dyal, M. A. (2018). Assessment of relationships between work stress, work-family conflict, burnout and firefighter safety behavior outcomes. Safety Science, 103, 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.005
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2018). Work-family conflict and enrichment: An exploration of dyadic typologies of work-family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 109, 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.007
Wang, M., Kwan, H. K., & Zhou, A. (2017). Effects of servant leadership on work– family balance in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(4), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12122
Wayne, J. H., Randel, A. E., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role of identity and work–family support in work–family enrichment and its work-related consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.07.002
Weinzimmer, L. G., Baumann, H. M., Gullifor, D. P., & Koubova, V. (2017). Emotional intelligence and job performance: The mediating role of work-family balance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1208141
Wilson, M. G., Polzer-Debruyne, A., Chen, S., & Fernandes, S. (2007). Shift work interventions for reduced work-family conflict. Employee Relations, 29(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710719996
Work, family & health network (2020, February 10). Toolkits to achieve workplace change. https://workfamilyhealthnetwork.org/toolkits-achieve-workplace-change
Zarei, S., Esmaeili, M., Salimi Bajastani, H., & Farahbakhsh, K. (2016). Effect of work-family conflict management model in life satisfaction of male employees. Journal of Research and Health, 6(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jrh.6.5.530
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Jin, J., & Ford, M. T. (2018). The within and cross-domain effects of work-family enrichment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.003
Zhao, K., Zhang, M., Kraimer, M. L., & Yang, B. (2019). Source attribution matters: Mediation and moderation effects in the relationship between work-to-family conflict and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2345
Albertsen, K., Garde, A. H., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Hansen, Å. M., Lund, H., & Hvid, H. (2014). Work-life balance among shift workers: results from an intervention study about self-rostering. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 87(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-013-0857-x
Blume, B. D., Ford, J. K., Baldwin, T. T., & Huang, J. L. (2010). Transfer of training: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Management, 36(4), 1065–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309352880
Brown, T. J., & Clark, C. (2017). Employed parents of children with disabilities and work family life balance: A literature review. Child & Youth Care Forum, 46(6), 857–876. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-017-9407-0
Casper, W. J., Vaziri, H., Wayne, J. H., DeHauw, S., & Greenhaus, J. (2018). The jingle-jangle of work–nonwork balance: A comprehensive and meta-analytic review of its meaning and measurement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 103(2), 182. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000259
Cho, E., & Allen, T. D. (2019). The transnational family: A typology and implications for work-family balance. Human Resource Management Review, 29(1), 76–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2018.01.001
Clayton, R. W., Thomas, C. H., Schaffer, B. S., Stratton, M., Garrison, E., & Mathews, L. G. (2017). Exercise and work-family conflict: a field experiment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 32(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2015-0324
Durbin, D. R., House, S. C., Meagher, E. A., & Rogers, J. G. (2019). The role of mentors in addressing issues of work–life integration in an academic research environment. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 3(6), 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2019.408
Farradinna, S., & Halim, F. W. (2016). The consequences of work-family conflict, burnout and organizational commitment among women in Indonesia. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.012
Freifeld, L. (2019). 2019 training industry report. Training: the official publication of training magazine network. https://trainingmag.com/sites/default/files/2019_industry_report.pdf
Good, D. J., Lyddy, C. J., Glomb, T. M., Bono, J. E., Brown, K. W., Duffy, M. K., &… Lazar, S. W. (2015). Contemplating mindfulness at work. Journal of Management, 42(1), 114–142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315617003
Haar, J. M. (2004). Work-family conflict and turnover intention: Exploring the moderation effects. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 33(1), 35–39.
Hammer, L. B., Johnson, R. C., Crain, T. L., Bodner, T., Kossek, E. E., Davis, K. D., ... & Berkman, L. (2016). Intervention effects on safety compliance and citizenship behaviors: Evidence from the work, family, and health study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(2), 190–208. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000047
Haslam, D. M., Sanders, M. R., & Sofronoff, K. (2013). Reducing work and family conflict in teachers: A randomised controlled trial of Workplace Triple P. School Mental Health, 5(2), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-012-9091-z
Heskiau, R. (2017). Work-family enrichment training: promoting transferability of resources across life domains [Doctoral dissertation, University of Toronto]. Toronto, Canada. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.12586abstract
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., & Tranby, E. (2011). Changing workplaces to reduce work-family conflict: Schedule control in a white-collar organization. American Sociological Review, 76(2), 265–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122411400056
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D., ... & Mierzwa, F. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 79(3), 485–516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122414531435
Kiburz, K. M., Allen, T. D., & French, K. A. (2017). Work-family conflict and mindfulness: Investigating the effectiveness of a brief training intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 1016–1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2181
Lapierre, L. M., Li, Y., Kwan, H. K., Greenhaus, J. H., DiRenzo, M. S., & Shao, P. (2018). A meta‐analysis of the antecedents of work-family enrichment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(4), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2234
Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161306
Mazzucchelli, S. (2017). Flexibility and work-family balance: a win-win solution for companies? The case of Italy. International Review of Sociology, 27(3), 436–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2017.1377411
McNall, L. A., Masuda, A. D., & Nicklin, J. M. (2009). Flexible work arrangements, job satisfaction, and turnover intentions: the mediating role of work-to-family enrichment. The Journal of Psychology, 144(1), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980903356073
McNall, L. A., Nicklin, J. M., & Masuda, A. D. (2010). A meta-analytic review of the consequences associated with work-family enrichment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(3), 381–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-009-9141-1
McNamara, T. K., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., Brown, M., & Valcour, M. (2013). Across the continuum of satisfaction with work–family balance: Work hours, flexibility-fit, and work–family culture. Social Science Research, 42(2), 283–298. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.10.002
Michel, A., Bosch, C., & Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitive-emotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting work-life balance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 733–754. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12072
Michel, J. S., Kotrba, L. M., Mitchelson, J. K., Clark, M. A., & Baltes, B. B. (2011). Antecedents of work–family conflict: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(5), 689–725. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.695
Minkov, M., & Hofstede, G. (2011). The evolution of Hofstede’s doctrine. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 18(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527601111104269
Moazami-Goodarzi, A., Nurmi, J. E., Mauno, S., Aunola, K., & Rantanen, J. (2018). Longitudinal latent profiles of work–family balance: Examination of antecedents and outcomes. International Journal of Stress Management, 26(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000093
Moen, P., Kelly, E. L., Fan, W., Lee, S. R., Almeida, D., Kossek, E. E., & Buxton, O. M. (2016). Does a flexibility/support organizational initiative improve high-tech employees’ well-being? Evidence from the work, family, and health network. American Sociological Review, 81(1), 134–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122415622391
Morganson, V. J., Litano, M. L., & O’Neill, S. K. (2014). Promoting work–family balance through positive psychology: A practical review of the literature. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 17(4), 221. https://doi.org/10.1037/mgr0000023
Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(2), 34–35. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054
Nohe, C., & Sonntag, K. (2014). Work-family conflict, social support, and turnover intentions: A longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 85(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.03.007
Olson, R., Crain, T. L., Bodner, T. E., King, R., Hammer, L. B., Klein, L. C., ... & Buxton, O. M. (2015). A workplace intervention improves sleep: results from the randomized controlled Work, Family, and Health Study. Sleep Health, 1(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2014.11.003
Pecino, V., Mañas-Rodríguez, M. Á., Díaz-Fúnez, P. A., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Padilla-Góngora, D., & López-Liria, R. (2018). Interpersonal justice climate, extra-role performance and work family balance: A multilevel mediation model of employee well-being. PloS One, 13(11), e0207458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207458
Posard, M. N., Hultquist, M., & Segal, D. R. (2013). Adjusting the duty day schedule to improve health and family life in garrison. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(6), 789–799. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2013.795086
Shapiro, S. L., Carlson, L. E., Astin, J. A., & Freedman, B. (2006). Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 373–386. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20237
Slutsky, J., Chin, B., Raye, J., & Creswell, J. D. (2019). Mindfulness training improves employee well-being: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(1), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000132
Smith, T. D., Hughes, K., DeJoy, D. M., & Dyal, M. A. (2018). Assessment of relationships between work stress, work-family conflict, burnout and firefighter safety behavior outcomes. Safety Science, 103, 287–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.005
Valcour, M. (2007). Work-based resources as moderators of the relationship between work hours and satisfaction with work-family balance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(6), 1512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.6.1512
Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2018). Work-family conflict and enrichment: An exploration of dyadic typologies of work-family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 109, 152–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.007
Wang, M., Kwan, H. K., & Zhou, A. (2017). Effects of servant leadership on work– family balance in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 55(4), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12122
Wayne, J. H., Randel, A. E., & Stevens, J. (2006). The role of identity and work–family support in work–family enrichment and its work-related consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 69(3), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2006.07.002
Weinzimmer, L. G., Baumann, H. M., Gullifor, D. P., & Koubova, V. (2017). Emotional intelligence and job performance: The mediating role of work-family balance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 157(3), 322–337. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2016.1208141
Wilson, M. G., Polzer-Debruyne, A., Chen, S., & Fernandes, S. (2007). Shift work interventions for reduced work-family conflict. Employee Relations, 29(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/10.1108/01425450710719996
Work, family & health network (2020, February 10). Toolkits to achieve workplace change. https://workfamilyhealthnetwork.org/toolkits-achieve-workplace-change
Zarei, S., Esmaeili, M., Salimi Bajastani, H., & Farahbakhsh, K. (2016). Effect of work-family conflict management model in life satisfaction of male employees. Journal of Research and Health, 6(5), 530–536. https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jrh.6.5.530
Zhang, Y., Xu, S., Jin, J., & Ford, M. T. (2018). The within and cross-domain effects of work-family enrichment: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 104, 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.11.003
Zhao, K., Zhang, M., Kraimer, M. L., & Yang, B. (2019). Source attribution matters: Mediation and moderation effects in the relationship between work-to-family conflict and job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(4), 492–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2345