Context as a creative toolkit for architectural design: perspectives of management and sustainable development of urban heritage
Abstract
Integration into architectural or urban context as an evaluation criterion is claimed to be subjective and hardly substantiated. In spite of its ambiguity, it is generally accepted as one of the basic demands in architectural design. So what the context is in architectural design? The article explores specific understandings of architectural-urban context from characteristic perspectives in urban heritage protection and management. From perspective of architectural heritage protection, context is physical architectural objects nearby, perceived visually in a static mode, and respected in interventions by achieving harmonious relationship with it. From the point of view of cultural landscape, context is an interacting natural and man-made environment, constantly changing according to place-specific natural and cultural processes; its processual character and the accumulated meanings that rise from imbedded experiences ought to be continued in following architectural transformations. Historic urban landscape approach assumes that context is constantly developing through urbanization, cultural, social and economic processes, which cultural uniqueness and identity is saturated by place-based meanings, experiences and emotional relationships attributed by local community, ought to be contributed in present-day architectural transformations. From the point of view of sustainable development, context is an inherited cultural, social, material, economic resource and a source of traditional knowledge, performance and behaviours to be adapted and carried on towards a greater sensitivity to the environment, culture, climate, and place, and for the wellbeing of local community.
Article in English.
Kontekstas kaip architektūrinės kūrybos priemonių rinkinys iš tam tikrų urbanistinio paveldo apsaugos ir tvaraus vystymo perspektyvų
Santrauka
Kaip architektūros kokybės kriterijus, kontekstiškumas laikomas neapibrėžtu ir sunkiai naudojamu vertinant. Nepaisant nekonkretumo, kontekstiškumas laikomas vienu esminių reikalavimų architektūrinėje kūryboje. Tad kas tai yra kontekstas architektūrinėje kūryboje? Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos skirtingos architektūrinio-urbanistinio konteksto sampratos kultūros paveldo apsaugos ir tvarkymo reiškinio požiūriu tam tikrais jo etapais pagal aktualias kategorijas. Kiekvienas nagrinėtas etapas ar kategorija teikia vis kitokį architektūrinio-urbanistinio konteksto supratimą, priskirdami jam specifinį turinį, apimtį ir prasmes. Architektūrinio paveldo apsaugos požiūriu, kontekstu laikomos fizinių architektūrinių elementų – vizualiai suvokiamų statiškų objektų – gretimybės; prie konteksto derinamasi siekiant harmoningo ir pagarbaus santykio. Kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio požiūriu, kontekstas yra gamtos ir žmogaus veiklos sukurta aplinka, nuolat besikeičianti pagal vietovėje susiklosčiusius natūralius ir kultūrinius procesus; vykdant architektūrines transformacijas, tęsiami vietai būdingi procesai, sukauptos patirtys ir reikšmės. Istorinio urbanistinio kraštovaizdžio požiūriu, kontekstas yra nuolat besivystantys urbanistiniai, kultūriniai, socialiniai ir ekonominiai procesai aplinkoje, kurios kultūrinį unikalumą ir tapatumą vietos bendruomenės prisotina su vieta susietomis reikšmėmis, patirtimis ir emociniais ryšiais. Šiuo atveju kontekstas taip pat yra praturtinamas nūdiene architektūrinės kaitos išraiška. Tvaraus vystymosi požiūriu, kontekstas yra kultūriniai, socialiniai, materialieji ir ekonominiai ištekliai bei šaltinis tradicinių žinių, veiksenos ir elgsenos modelių, kuriuos taikant ir tęsiant pasiekiamas darnesnis sambūvis su aplinka, kultūra ir klimato sąlygomis toje vietovėje, gerinantis vietos bendruomenės gyvenimo kokybę.
Reikšminiai žodžiai: architektūrinis kontekstas, kūrybinis projektavimas, kultūros paveldo apsauga, istorinis urbanistinis kraštovaizdis, istorinių miestų apsauga ir valdymas, tvari plėtra, urbanistinis kontekstas.
Keyword : architectural context, creative design, cultural heritage protection, historic urban landscape, protection and management of historic cities, sustainable development, urban context
How to Cite
Navickienė, E. (2020). Context as a creative toolkit for architectural design: perspectives of management and sustainable development of urban heritage. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.11666
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Logan, W. (2004). Introduction. Voices from the periphery: The Burra Charter in context. Historic Environment, 18(1), 2–8.
Martin, C., & Ricardo, R. R. (2016). Juhani Pallasmaa: experiencing slowness. Landscape Architecture Australia. https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/juhani-pallasmaa-interview/
Munjeri, D. (2004). Tangible and intangible heritage: from difference to convergence. Museum International, 56(1–2), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00453.x
Oers, van R. (2010). Managing cities and the historic urban landscape initiative – an introduction. In R. van Oers & S. Haraguchi (Eds.), World Heritage Papers. No. 27: Managing Historic Cities (pp. 7–17). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
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Petrušonis, V. (2017). Nauja kultūros paveldo objektų aprašo koncepcija. Iš V. Almonaitytė-Navickienė (Sud.), Paveldo brydės (pp. 8–28). Savastis.
Rodwell, D. (2010). Historic urban landscapes: concept and management. In R. van Oers & S. Haraguchi (Eds.), World Heritage Papers. No. 27: Managing Historic Cities (pp. 99–104). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Rodwell, D. (2012). The UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972–2012: reflections and directions. The Historic Environment: Policy and Practice, 3(1), 64–85. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750512Z.0000000004
Siebrandt, D., Kraak, A.-L., James, L., & Saldin, M. (2017). Editorial: heritage, sustainability and social justice. Historic Environment, 29(3), 2–10.
Taylor, K. (2017). Landscape, culture and heritage: changing perspectives in an Asian context (PhD/Doctoral Thesis). Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30102152/taylor-landscapeculture-2017A.pdf
Taylor, K., Clair, St A., & Mitchell, N. J. (2015). Introduction. Cultural landscapes: twenty-first century conservation opportunities and challenges. In K. Taylor, A. St Clair, & N. J. Mitchell (Eds.), Conserving cultural landscapes: challenges and new directions (pp. 1–25). Series: Routledge Studies in Heritage. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813226
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United Nations. (2014, 20 December). Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2013. General Assembly, 68th Session. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/223
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1994). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide94.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1963). Recommendation concerning the safeguarding of the beauty and character of landscapes and sites. Records of the General Conference, 12th Session (pp. 139–142). Vol.: Resolutions. General Conference. 12th Session, 1962. Paris, France. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2011). Recommendation on the historic urban landscape, including a glossary of definitions. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2003). Text of the Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2005). Vienna Memorandum on “World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture – Managing the Historic Urban Landscape”. Vienna, Austria. whc.unesco.org/document/6814
Veldpaus, L., & Pereira Roders, A. (2014). Learning from a legacy: Venice to Valletta. Change Over Time, 2(4), 244–263. https://doi.org/10.1353/cot.2014.0022
Auclair, E., & Fairclough, G. (2015). Living between past and future: an introduction to heritage and cultural sustainability. In E. Auclair & G. Fairclough (Eds.), Theory and practice in heritage and sustainability: between past and future (pp. 1–22). Series: Routledge Studies in Culture and Sustainable Development. K. Soini & J. Dessein (Series Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315771618-1
Boccardi, G., & Scott, L. (2018). A view from the inside: an account of the process leading to the adoption of the policy for the integration of a sustainable development perspective within the world heritage convention. In P. B. Larsen & W. Logan (Eds.), World heritage and sustainable development: new directions in world heritage management (pp. 21–36). Series: Key Issues in Cultural Heritage. W. Logan & L. Smith (Series Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108049-2
Brolin, B. C. (1980). Architecture in context: fitting new buildings with old. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
Brundtland, G. H. (Chairman of the Commission). (1987). Our common future: the world commission on environment and development. Oxford University Press.
Council of Europe. (2000, 20 October). European Landscape Convention. European Treaty Series No. 176. European Landscape Convention. Florence. https://rm.coe.int/1680080621
Čepaitienė, R. (Sud.). (2014). Vietos dvasia: prijaukinimas ar medžioklė? Iš R. Čepaitienė (Sud.), Vietos dvasios beieškant: straipsnių rinkinys (pp. 22–72). Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla.
Dūdėnas, J. (2015). Esminių architektūros kokybės kriterijų sąrašo struktūra. Metodologiniai aspektai. Iš L. Nekrošius, V. Petrušonis, & E. Riaubienė (Sud.), Architektūros kokybės kriterijai: mokslo straipsnių rinkinys (pp. 40–61). Serija: Architektūra: objektai ir kontekstai. T. 1. Vilnius: Technika.
Ginzarly, M., & Teller, J. (2018). Eliciting cultural heritage values: landscape preferences versus representative images of the city. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 8(3), 257–275. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCHMSD-06-2017-0031
Hosagrahar, J. (2018). Inclusive social development and world heritage in urban areas. In P. B. Larsen & W. Logan (Eds.), World heritage and sustainable development: new directions in world heritage management (pp. 68–86). Series: Key Issues in Cultural Heritage. W. Logan & L. Smith (Series Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108049-5
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2011a). The Paris Declaration on heritage as a driver of development. 17th Assemblée Générale. Paris, France. https://www.icomos.org/Paris2011/GA2011_Declaration_de_Paris_EN_20120109.pdf
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2011b). Charter for the Preservation of Quebec’s Heritage (Deschambault Declaration), 1982. https://www.icomos.org/en/support-us/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/192-the-deschambault-charter
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1987). First Brazilian Seminar about the preservation and revitalization of historic centers. Itaipava, 1987. 1st Brazilian Seminar about the Preservation and Revitalization of Historic Centers. Itaipava, Brazil. https://www.icomos.org/en/charters-and-other-doctrinal-texts/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/194-first-brazilian-seminar-about-the-preservation-and-revitalization-of-historic-centers-itaipava
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (1965). International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964). 2nd International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments. Venice, Italy. https://www.icomos.org/charters/venice_e.pdf
International Council on Monuments and Sites. (2008). Québec Declaration on the Preservation of the Spirit of Place. https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-646-2.pdf
Jokilehto, J. (2010). Reflection on historic urban landscapes as a tool for conservation. In R. van Oers & S. Haraguchi (Eds.), World Heritage Papers. No. 27: Managing Historic Cities (pp. 53–63). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Kamel-Ahmed, E. (2015). What to conserve? Heritage, memory, and management of meanings. Arch-Net International Journal of Architectural Research, 9(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v9i1.469
Lexico.com. (2020). Context. https://www.lexico.com/definition/context
Lietuvos laisvosios rinkos institutas. (2015). Ekspertizė dėl architektūros įstatymo projekto. https://www.llri.lt/naujienos/ekonomine-politika/ekspertize-4/lrinka
Logan, W. (2004). Introduction. Voices from the periphery: The Burra Charter in context. Historic Environment, 18(1), 2–8.
Martin, C., & Ricardo, R. R. (2016). Juhani Pallasmaa: experiencing slowness. Landscape Architecture Australia. https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/juhani-pallasmaa-interview/
Munjeri, D. (2004). Tangible and intangible heritage: from difference to convergence. Museum International, 56(1–2), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1350-0775.2004.00453.x
Oers, van R. (2010). Managing cities and the historic urban landscape initiative – an introduction. In R. van Oers & S. Haraguchi (Eds.), World Heritage Papers. No. 27: Managing Historic Cities (pp. 7–17). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Ost, Ch. (2018). Inclusive economic development in the urban heritage context. in P. B. Larsen & W. Logan (Eds.), World heritage and sustainable development: new directions in world heritage management (pp. 53–67). Series: Key Issues in Cultural Heritage. W. Logan & L. Smith (Series Eds.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108049-4
Pereira Roders, A., & Oers, van R. (2011). Editorial: Bridging Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 1(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1108/20441261111129898
Petrušonis, V. (2017). Nauja kultūros paveldo objektų aprašo koncepcija. Iš V. Almonaitytė-Navickienė (Sud.), Paveldo brydės (pp. 8–28). Savastis.
Rodwell, D. (2010). Historic urban landscapes: concept and management. In R. van Oers & S. Haraguchi (Eds.), World Heritage Papers. No. 27: Managing Historic Cities (pp. 99–104). UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
Rodwell, D. (2012). The UNESCO World Heritage Convention, 1972–2012: reflections and directions. The Historic Environment: Policy and Practice, 3(1), 64–85. https://doi.org/10.1179/1756750512Z.0000000004
Siebrandt, D., Kraak, A.-L., James, L., & Saldin, M. (2017). Editorial: heritage, sustainability and social justice. Historic Environment, 29(3), 2–10.
Taylor, K. (2017). Landscape, culture and heritage: changing perspectives in an Asian context (PhD/Doctoral Thesis). Deakin University, Victoria, Australia. http://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30102152/taylor-landscapeculture-2017A.pdf
Taylor, K., Clair, St A., & Mitchell, N. J. (2015). Introduction. Cultural landscapes: twenty-first century conservation opportunities and challenges. In K. Taylor, A. St Clair, & N. J. Mitchell (Eds.), Conserving cultural landscapes: challenges and new directions (pp. 1–25). Series: Routledge Studies in Heritage. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315813226
United Nations. (2002, 26 August–4 September). Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development. World Summit on Sustainable Development. Johannesburg, South Africa. United Nations.
United Nations. (2014, 20 December). Resolution Adopted by the General Assembly on 20 December 2013. General Assembly, 68th Session. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/68/223
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1994). Operational guidelines for the implementation of the World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide94.pdf
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (1963). Recommendation concerning the safeguarding of the beauty and character of landscapes and sites. Records of the General Conference, 12th Session (pp. 139–142). Vol.: Resolutions. General Conference. 12th Session, 1962. Paris, France. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2011). Recommendation on the historic urban landscape, including a glossary of definitions. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=48857&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2003). Text of the Convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/convention
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. (2005). Vienna Memorandum on “World Heritage and Contemporary Architecture – Managing the Historic Urban Landscape”. Vienna, Austria. whc.unesco.org/document/6814
Veldpaus, L., & Pereira Roders, A. (2014). Learning from a legacy: Venice to Valletta. Change Over Time, 2(4), 244–263. https://doi.org/10.1353/cot.2014.0022