Application of the factor method to the service life prediction of ETICS
Abstract
This study intends to develop a methodology for service life prediction of ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite System), based on the factor method. The methodology adopted is based on data collected during visual inspections of buildings under current conditions of occupation and exposure, contemplating the degradation mechanisms and the characteristics of ETICS. This research can also provide a suitable tool to aid the planning, implementation and rational use of building management systems in several ways, namely: i) improvement of the materials’ performance, based on the optimization of maintenance actions, use of resources and maintenance costs; ii) selection of the best constructive solution, based on the knowledge of the evolution of degradation of ETICS, according to their characteristics; iii) analysis of the economic and environmental impacts of buildings during their life cycle, based on the knowledge of the number of replacements required during this period of time.
Keyword : ETICS, service life, durability, visual inspections, factor method
How to Cite
Marques, C., de Brito, J., & Silva, A. (2018). Application of the factor method to the service life prediction of ETICS. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 22(3), 204-222. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.1546
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., Brito, J. de, & Flores-Colen, I. (2013). Inspection and diagnosis system of ETICS on walls. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1257-1267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.024
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., Brito, J. de, & Flores-Colen, I. (2014). Statistical survey of the pathology, diagnosis and rehabilitation of ETICS in walls. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(4), 511-526. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801923
Architectural Institute of Japan. (1993). The English edition of principal guide for service life planning of buildings. AIJ.Barreira, E., & Freitas, V. (2013). Experimental study of the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS). Building and Environment, 63, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.02.001
Barreira, E., & Freitas, V. (2014). External thermal insulation composite systems: critical parameters for surface hygrothermal behaviour. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Article ID 65 075 2, T 16.
Barreira, E.. de Freitas V. P., & Delgado, J. M. P. Q. (2013). Biological defacement of external thermal insulation composite systems. In V. de Freitas & J. Delgado (Eds.), Hygrothermal behavior, building pathology and durability (pp. 23-44). Building pathology and rehabilitation. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31158-1_2
Bourdeau, L. (1999). Sustainable development and the future of construction: a comparison of visions from various countries. Building Research and Information, 27(6), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/096132199369183
Bourke, K., & Davies, H. (1999, May–June). Estimating service lives using the factor method for use in whole life costing. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (1518-1526). Vancouver, Canada.
BSI 7543. (1992). Guide to durability of buildings and building elements, products and components. British Standards Institution, London.
Chai, C., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2014). Predicting the service life of external wall painting: a techno-economic analysis of alternative maintenance strategies. Journal of Construction, Engineering and Management, 140(3), 04 013 057, T 29.
Collina, A., & Lignola, G. P. (2010, March). The external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) – more than comfort and energy saving. Proceedings of the 3rd Portuguese Congress on Construction Mortars (in Portuguese). APFAC, Lisbon, Paper 09.
CSA S478-95 Guideline on durability in buildings. (1995). Canadian Standards Association, Etobicoke.
CSTB. (1981). Isolation par l’extérieur. Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB). Paris: CSTB magazine, supplément à la livraison CSTB no. 224.
Daniotti, B., & Paolini, R. (2008, May). Evolution of degradation and decay in performance of ETICS. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Istanbul, Turkey, T 42.
Desimone, L. D., & Popoff, F. (1998). Eco-efficiency – the business link to sustainable development (2nd ed). MIT Press, USA.
EAE. (2011). European guideline for the application of ETICS. European Association for External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems. Baden - Baden.
Emídio, F., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2014). Application of the factor method to the estimation of the service life of natural stone cladding. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.073
ETAG 004. (2000). Guideline for European technical approval of external thermal insulation composite systems with rendering.Fernandes, C., de Brito, J., & Cruz, C. (2016a). Thermal retrofitting of façades: architectural integration of ETICS. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(2), T 23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000770
Fernandes, C., de Brito, J., & Cruz, C. (2016b). Architectural integration of ETICS in building rehabilitation. Journal of Building Engineering, 5, 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.12.005
Galbusera, M., de Brito, J., & Silva, A. (2015). Application of the factor method to the prediction of the service life of ceramic external wall cladding. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(3), T 30.
Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2008). Service life estimation of cement-rendered façades. Building Research and Information, 36(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701434164
Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2011). Limit states and service life of cement renders on façades. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(10), 1396-1404. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000312
Gómez-Heras, M., Smith, B. J., & Fort, R. (2008). Influence of surface heterogeneities of building granite on its thermal response and its potential for the generation of thermoclasty. Environmental Geology, 56, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1356-3
Hernández-Moreno, S. (2011). Importance of service life planning in sustainable architecture. Management Research and Practice, 3(3), 21-31.
Hovde, P. J. (2004). Factor methods for service life prediction (pp. 1-51). CIB W080 / RILEM 175 SLM: Service life methodologies prediction of service life for buildings and components, Task Group: Performance based methods of service life prediction, Trondheim.
ISO 15 686 -1. (2011). Buildings and constructed assets: Service life planning – Part 1: General principles and framework. International Standard Organization, Geneva.
ISO 15 686 -2. (2012). Buildings and constructed assets: Service life planning – Part 2: Service life prediction procedures. International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland.
ISO 15 686 -8. (2008). Buildings and constructed assets: Service-life planning – Part 8: Reference service life and service-life estimation. International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland.
John, V. M., Sjöström, C., & Agopyan, V. (2002, March). Durability in the built environment and sustainability in developing countries. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1-7). Brisbane, Australia, Paper 011.
Kočí, V., Maděra, J., & Černý, R. (2012). Exterior thermal insulation systems for AAC building envelopes: computational analysis aimed at increasing service life. Energy and Buildings, 47, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.030
Kolaitis, D. I., Malliotakis E., Kontogeorgos, D. A., Mandilaras, I., Katsourinis, D. I., & Founti, M. A. (2013). Comparative assessment of internal and external thermal insulation systems for energy efficient retrofitting of residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 64, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.004
Kuenzel, H., & Sedlbauer, K. (2001). Biological growth on stucco. Performance of exterior envelopes of whole buildings VIII: integration of building envelopes. Clearwater Beach, Florida: ASHRAE.
Künzel, H., Künzel, H. M., & Sedlbauer, K. (2006). Long-term performance of external thermal insulation systems (ETICS). Architectura, 5(1), 11-24.
Kus, H., & Nygren, K. (2002). Microenvironmental characterization of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete. Building Research and Information, 30(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210210122316
Liisma, E., Raado, L.-M., Lumi, S., Lill, I., & Sulakatko, V. (2014, November). The effect of moisture content of insulation boards on the adhesion strength of ETICS. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference of Civil Engineering (pp. 103–108). Florence, Italy.
Malanho, S., & Veiga, M. R. (2011, April). Performance of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) with finishing ceramic tiles. Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Durability of Buildings Materials and Components. Porto, Portugal.
Masters, L. W., & Brandt, E. (1986). Prediction of service life of building materials and components. Materials and Structures, 19(6), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472145
Moser, K., & Edvardsen, C. (2002, March). Engineering design methods for service life prediction. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1-10). Brisbane, Australia, Paper 222.
Moser, K. (1999, May–June). Towards the practical evaluation of service life – illustrative application of the probabilistic approach. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1319-1329). Vancouver, Canada.
Moser, K. (2004). Engineering design methods for service life prediction (pp. 59-102). CIB W080/ RILEM 175 SLM: Service life methodologies prediction of service life for buildings and components. Trondheim.
Norvaišienė, R., Griciutė, G., Bliūdžius, R., & Ramanauskas, J. (2013). The changes of moisture absorption properties during the service life of external thermal insulation composite system. Materials Science, 19(1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3834
Paczkowski, N. (2013). External thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) for the refurbishment of an existing detached house in Germany. ICCA-WBCSD Avoided Emissions Guidance Case Study, BASF SE, T 9.
Re Cecconi, F. (2004, May). Engineering method for service life planning: the evolved factor method. Proceedings of the 16th CIB World Building Congress: Building for the Future (pp. 1-9). Toronto.
Riley, M., & Cotgrave, A. (2005). The context of maintenance. Construction technology 3: the technology of refurbishment and maintenance (pp. 46-56). Palgrave Macmillan, Vol. 3. New York.
Rudbeck, C. (1999, May–June). Assessing the service life of building envelope constructions. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1051-1061). Vancouver, Canada.
Shohet, I., Rosenfeld, Y., Puterman, M., & Gilboa, E. (1999, May–June). Deterioration patterns for maintenance management – a methodological approach. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1666-1678). Vancouver, Canada.
Silva, A., de Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. (2011). Service life prediction model applied to natural stone wall claddings (directly adhered to the substrate). Construction and Building Materials, 25(9), 3674-3684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.064
Silva, A., de Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. (2016, June). Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings: with a focus on façade claddings. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33290-1
Silva, A., Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2015, March). Evaluation of the service life of external painted surfaces applying statistical tools. 1st International Symposium on Building Pathology (ISBP 2015). Porto, Portugal.
Silva, J. M. D., & Falorca, J. (2009). A model plan for buildings maintenance with application in the performance analysis of a composite façade cover. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 3248-3257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.05.008
Sulakatko, V., Lill, I., & Liisma, E. (2015). Analysis of on-site construction processes for effective external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) installation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00180-X
Teo, E., Chew, Y. L., & Harikrishna, N. (2005, April). An assessment of factors affecting the service life of external paint finish on plastered facades. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components. Lyon, France, TT4–152.
Theodosiou, T. G., & Papadopoulos, A. M. (2008). The impact of thermal bridges on the energy demand of buildings with double brick wall constructions. Energy and Buildings, 40(11), 2083-2089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.06.006
Ucar, A., & Balo, F. (2010). Determination of the energy savings and the optimum insulation thickness in the four different insulated exterior walls. Renewable Energy, 35(1), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.07.009
Wyatt, D. (2005, April). The contribution of FMEA and FTA to the performance review and auditing of service life design of constructed assets. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Lyon, France, TT4–206.
Ximenes, S., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2015). Modelling the degradation and service life of ETICS in external walls. Materials and Structures, 48(7), 2235-2249. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0305-8
Zavrl, M. S., Selih, J., & Zarnic, R. (2007). Technical improvement of housing envelopes in Slovenia. In L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhabiar, L. G. W. Verhoef (Eds.), COST C16 Improving the quality of existing urban building envelopes – facades and roofs (pp. 127-138).
Amaro, B., Saraiva, D., Brito, J. de, & Flores-Colen, I. (2014). Statistical survey of the pathology, diagnosis and rehabilitation of ETICS in walls. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(4), 511-526. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.801923
Architectural Institute of Japan. (1993). The English edition of principal guide for service life planning of buildings. AIJ.Barreira, E., & Freitas, V. (2013). Experimental study of the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS). Building and Environment, 63, 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.02.001
Barreira, E., & Freitas, V. (2014). External thermal insulation composite systems: critical parameters for surface hygrothermal behaviour. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. Article ID 65 075 2, T 16.
Barreira, E.. de Freitas V. P., & Delgado, J. M. P. Q. (2013). Biological defacement of external thermal insulation composite systems. In V. de Freitas & J. Delgado (Eds.), Hygrothermal behavior, building pathology and durability (pp. 23-44). Building pathology and rehabilitation. Vol. 1. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31158-1_2
Bourdeau, L. (1999). Sustainable development and the future of construction: a comparison of visions from various countries. Building Research and Information, 27(6), 355-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/096132199369183
Bourke, K., & Davies, H. (1999, May–June). Estimating service lives using the factor method for use in whole life costing. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (1518-1526). Vancouver, Canada.
BSI 7543. (1992). Guide to durability of buildings and building elements, products and components. British Standards Institution, London.
Chai, C., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2014). Predicting the service life of external wall painting: a techno-economic analysis of alternative maintenance strategies. Journal of Construction, Engineering and Management, 140(3), 04 013 057, T 29.
Collina, A., & Lignola, G. P. (2010, March). The external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) – more than comfort and energy saving. Proceedings of the 3rd Portuguese Congress on Construction Mortars (in Portuguese). APFAC, Lisbon, Paper 09.
CSA S478-95 Guideline on durability in buildings. (1995). Canadian Standards Association, Etobicoke.
CSTB. (1981). Isolation par l’extérieur. Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment (CSTB). Paris: CSTB magazine, supplément à la livraison CSTB no. 224.
Daniotti, B., & Paolini, R. (2008, May). Evolution of degradation and decay in performance of ETICS. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Istanbul, Turkey, T 42.
Desimone, L. D., & Popoff, F. (1998). Eco-efficiency – the business link to sustainable development (2nd ed). MIT Press, USA.
EAE. (2011). European guideline for the application of ETICS. European Association for External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems. Baden - Baden.
Emídio, F., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2014). Application of the factor method to the estimation of the service life of natural stone cladding. Construction and Building Materials, 66, 481-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.073
ETAG 004. (2000). Guideline for European technical approval of external thermal insulation composite systems with rendering.Fernandes, C., de Brito, J., & Cruz, C. (2016a). Thermal retrofitting of façades: architectural integration of ETICS. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(2), T 23. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000770
Fernandes, C., de Brito, J., & Cruz, C. (2016b). Architectural integration of ETICS in building rehabilitation. Journal of Building Engineering, 5, 178-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2015.12.005
Galbusera, M., de Brito, J., & Silva, A. (2015). Application of the factor method to the prediction of the service life of ceramic external wall cladding. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29(3), T 30.
Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2008). Service life estimation of cement-rendered façades. Building Research and Information, 36(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210701434164
Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2011). Limit states and service life of cement renders on façades. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 23(10), 1396-1404. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000312
Gómez-Heras, M., Smith, B. J., & Fort, R. (2008). Influence of surface heterogeneities of building granite on its thermal response and its potential for the generation of thermoclasty. Environmental Geology, 56, 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-008-1356-3
Hernández-Moreno, S. (2011). Importance of service life planning in sustainable architecture. Management Research and Practice, 3(3), 21-31.
Hovde, P. J. (2004). Factor methods for service life prediction (pp. 1-51). CIB W080 / RILEM 175 SLM: Service life methodologies prediction of service life for buildings and components, Task Group: Performance based methods of service life prediction, Trondheim.
ISO 15 686 -1. (2011). Buildings and constructed assets: Service life planning – Part 1: General principles and framework. International Standard Organization, Geneva.
ISO 15 686 -2. (2012). Buildings and constructed assets: Service life planning – Part 2: Service life prediction procedures. International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland.
ISO 15 686 -8. (2008). Buildings and constructed assets: Service-life planning – Part 8: Reference service life and service-life estimation. International Organization for Standardization, Switzerland.
John, V. M., Sjöström, C., & Agopyan, V. (2002, March). Durability in the built environment and sustainability in developing countries. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1-7). Brisbane, Australia, Paper 011.
Kočí, V., Maděra, J., & Černý, R. (2012). Exterior thermal insulation systems for AAC building envelopes: computational analysis aimed at increasing service life. Energy and Buildings, 47, 84-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.11.030
Kolaitis, D. I., Malliotakis E., Kontogeorgos, D. A., Mandilaras, I., Katsourinis, D. I., & Founti, M. A. (2013). Comparative assessment of internal and external thermal insulation systems for energy efficient retrofitting of residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 64, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.04.004
Kuenzel, H., & Sedlbauer, K. (2001). Biological growth on stucco. Performance of exterior envelopes of whole buildings VIII: integration of building envelopes. Clearwater Beach, Florida: ASHRAE.
Künzel, H., Künzel, H. M., & Sedlbauer, K. (2006). Long-term performance of external thermal insulation systems (ETICS). Architectura, 5(1), 11-24.
Kus, H., & Nygren, K. (2002). Microenvironmental characterization of rendered autoclaved aerated concrete. Building Research and Information, 30(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09613210210122316
Liisma, E., Raado, L.-M., Lumi, S., Lill, I., & Sulakatko, V. (2014, November). The effect of moisture content of insulation boards on the adhesion strength of ETICS. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference of Civil Engineering (pp. 103–108). Florence, Italy.
Malanho, S., & Veiga, M. R. (2011, April). Performance of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS) with finishing ceramic tiles. Proceedings of the XII International Conference on Durability of Buildings Materials and Components. Porto, Portugal.
Masters, L. W., & Brandt, E. (1986). Prediction of service life of building materials and components. Materials and Structures, 19(6), 417-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02472145
Moser, K., & Edvardsen, C. (2002, March). Engineering design methods for service life prediction. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1-10). Brisbane, Australia, Paper 222.
Moser, K. (1999, May–June). Towards the practical evaluation of service life – illustrative application of the probabilistic approach. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1319-1329). Vancouver, Canada.
Moser, K. (2004). Engineering design methods for service life prediction (pp. 59-102). CIB W080/ RILEM 175 SLM: Service life methodologies prediction of service life for buildings and components. Trondheim.
Norvaišienė, R., Griciutė, G., Bliūdžius, R., & Ramanauskas, J. (2013). The changes of moisture absorption properties during the service life of external thermal insulation composite system. Materials Science, 19(1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.19.1.3834
Paczkowski, N. (2013). External thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) for the refurbishment of an existing detached house in Germany. ICCA-WBCSD Avoided Emissions Guidance Case Study, BASF SE, T 9.
Re Cecconi, F. (2004, May). Engineering method for service life planning: the evolved factor method. Proceedings of the 16th CIB World Building Congress: Building for the Future (pp. 1-9). Toronto.
Riley, M., & Cotgrave, A. (2005). The context of maintenance. Construction technology 3: the technology of refurbishment and maintenance (pp. 46-56). Palgrave Macmillan, Vol. 3. New York.
Rudbeck, C. (1999, May–June). Assessing the service life of building envelope constructions. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1051-1061). Vancouver, Canada.
Shohet, I., Rosenfeld, Y., Puterman, M., & Gilboa, E. (1999, May–June). Deterioration patterns for maintenance management – a methodological approach. Proceedings of the 8th DBMC International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components (pp. 1666-1678). Vancouver, Canada.
Silva, A., de Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. (2011). Service life prediction model applied to natural stone wall claddings (directly adhered to the substrate). Construction and Building Materials, 25(9), 3674-3684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.064
Silva, A., de Brito, J., & Gaspar, P. (2016, June). Methodologies for service life prediction of buildings: with a focus on façade claddings. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33290-1
Silva, A., Gaspar, P., & de Brito, J. (2015, March). Evaluation of the service life of external painted surfaces applying statistical tools. 1st International Symposium on Building Pathology (ISBP 2015). Porto, Portugal.
Silva, J. M. D., & Falorca, J. (2009). A model plan for buildings maintenance with application in the performance analysis of a composite façade cover. Construction and Building Materials, 23, 3248-3257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.05.008
Sulakatko, V., Lill, I., & Liisma, E. (2015). Analysis of on-site construction processes for effective external thermal insulation composite system (ETICS) installation. Procedia Economics and Finance, 21, 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00180-X
Teo, E., Chew, Y. L., & Harikrishna, N. (2005, April). An assessment of factors affecting the service life of external paint finish on plastered facades. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Durability of Building Materials and Components. Lyon, France, TT4–152.
Theodosiou, T. G., & Papadopoulos, A. M. (2008). The impact of thermal bridges on the energy demand of buildings with double brick wall constructions. Energy and Buildings, 40(11), 2083-2089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2008.06.006
Ucar, A., & Balo, F. (2010). Determination of the energy savings and the optimum insulation thickness in the four different insulated exterior walls. Renewable Energy, 35(1), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.07.009
Wyatt, D. (2005, April). The contribution of FMEA and FTA to the performance review and auditing of service life design of constructed assets. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. Lyon, France, TT4–206.
Ximenes, S., de Brito, J., Gaspar, P., & Silva, A. (2015). Modelling the degradation and service life of ETICS in external walls. Materials and Structures, 48(7), 2235-2249. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0305-8
Zavrl, M. S., Selih, J., & Zarnic, R. (2007). Technical improvement of housing envelopes in Slovenia. In L. Bragança, C. Wetzel, V. Buhabiar, L. G. W. Verhoef (Eds.), COST C16 Improving the quality of existing urban building envelopes – facades and roofs (pp. 127-138).