Analyzing social cohesion in open spaces of multiethnic poor neighborhoods: a grounded theory study
Abstract
During the past two decades, economic crises and climate change have triggered mass migrations from rural areas to big cities and metropolises. Considering that the destination cities often lack the required capacity to systematically accommodate these newcomers, immigrants settle in unofficially on city margins. Since these immigrants have different ethnicities, the informal settlements constructed by them turn into multiethnic informal Settlements in which development of proper social ties becomes impeded. As a result, social cohesion is weakened and eventually ceases to exist among the residents in open community spaces. In this regard, the present study aims to analyze this process and the effects of multiethnicity on social cohesion in the open community spaces of poor urban areas and the role of environmental factors in this mechanism. The Hesar Imam Khomeini neighborhood, which is located in Hamadan Province and has a rural core, has given shelter to Lurish, Kurdish, Turkish and Persian-speaking immigrants during recent years, which makes it a suitable sample for study. Because of the existing limitations and in order to achieve the goal of the study, the grounded theory was used to conduct the research. In-depth interview was carried out on sixteen residents of the neighborhood, four individuals from each ethnicity. After coding the interviews using the theory, a grounded model of the study was formed. The results indicate that multiethnicity has negatively affected behavior settings, vibrancy and consequently social cohesion in the open community spaces of the area of study through the three factors of “different expectations from neighborhood space”, “different time of attendance in open spaces” and “different residence size”. It can be proposed that “creating spatial shared values” is one of the most effective strategies which can be used for narrowing gaps and increasing social cohesion in multiethnic neighborhoods.
Keyword : social cohesion, informal settlements, social capital, multiethnicity, open spaces, Hesar
How to Cite
Salimi, M., Foroutan, M., & Naghdi, A. (2019). Analyzing social cohesion in open spaces of multiethnic poor neighborhoods: a grounded theory study. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 43(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3846/jau.2019.6849
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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Khanian, M., Bolouhar, B., Gheitarany, N., & Nezhad, S. M. (2013). Studying the causes of vitality in traditional markets of Iran (Case Study: Shoemaking Order of Central Market of Hamadan). World Applied Sciences Journal, 22(6), 831-835.
Khanian, M., Serpoush, B., & Gheitarani, N. (2017). Balance between place attachment and migration based on subjective adaptive capacity in response to climate change: the case of Famenin County in Western Iran. Climate and Development, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1374238
Khastou, M., & Rezvani, N. (2010). Effective factors on vitality of urban spaces: Creating a vital urban space relying on the concept of walking shopping center. Hovyate Shahr Journal, 4th year, 6, 113-138.
Kleinhans, R. (2004). Social implications of housing diversification in urban renewal: A review of recent literature. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 19(4), 367-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-004-3041-5
Lalehpour, M., & Karbasi, P. (2017). Explaining institutional and managerial reasons for the formation of informal settlements in Iran. Amaayesh Mohit, 36(10), 157-191.
Lombard, M. (2014). Constructing ordinary places: Place-making in urban informal settlements in Mexico. Progress in Planning, 94, 1-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.05.003
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Mason, M. J. (2010). Attributing activity space as risky and safe: The social dimension to the meaning of place for urban adolescents. Health & Place, 16(5), 926-933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.05.004
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Mayo, J. M. (1979). Effects of street forms on suburban neighboring behavior. Environment and Behavior, 11(3), 375-397. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916579113004
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Morrison, N. (2003). Neighbourhoods and social cohesion: Experiences from Europe. International Planning Studies, 8(2), 115-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470305154
Naghdi, A., Khanian, M., & Rueentan, M. (2016). The urban dilemmas in Iran marginal urban area; A case study of Kermanshah city. Journal of Civil Engineering and Urbanism, 1, 16-23.
Nassar, D. M., & Elsayed, H. G. (2017). From informal settlements to sustainable communities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 57(4), 2367-2376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2017.09.004
O’Connor, P. (1998). Mapping social cohesion [computer File]. Canadian Policy Research Networks.
Osberg, L. (2003). The economic implications of social cohesion (Vol. 16). University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442681149
Patel, V., & Kleinman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(8), 609-615.
Paumier, C. (2007). Creating a vibrant city center. (ULI) Urban Land Institute, Washington, D Public Land Pub, Washington, DC.
Pearce, N., & Smith, D. G. (2003). Is social capital the key to inequalities in health?. American Journal of Public Health, 93(1), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.1.122
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