Effect of spatial differentiation of plant communities on PM2.5 and O3 in urban green spaces in Beijing, China
Abstract
Urban green space can improve the air quality of urban human settlements. This study aimed to investigate the spatial differences of air quality among the different plant community structures and types of urban park green spaces. We select 17 sample sites in Beijing Olympic Forest Park, and they are located in different areas of plant community structures and types. The study entailed an analysis of the interrelationships between the plant community structures, types, and PM2.5, O3, and PM2.5–O3 compound data. The results showed that PM2.5 was lower in tree-shrub-grass, tree-shrub, and tree-grass than in shrub-grass and grass plant community areas; PM2.5 was lower in evergreen coniferous, mixed coniferous and broadleaved, and deciduous broadleaved plant communities than that in grass or shrub ones. In different plant community structures, types areas, O3 was higher than 100 μg·m–3, and there were no significant differences among the plant community areas. The air quality index with PM2.5–O3 composite pollution value as the main parameter reached the level of “moderate pollution”, and the result that deserves further attention. The research results provide a basic scientific basis for the planning, design, and updating optimization of functional urban green spaces based on evidence-based design.
Keyword : air pollution, landscape architecture, urban green space, PM2.5–O3, spatial differentiation, evidence-based design
How to Cite
Pan, J., Chen, S., Xu, N., Cheng, M., Wang, X., Lan, J., Wang, R., & Wang, Y. (2024). Effect of spatial differentiation of plant communities on PM2.5 and O3 in urban green spaces in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 32(4), 372–380. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2024.22359
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Cai, L., Zhuang, M., & Ren, Y. (2022). Spatiotemporal characteristics of NO2, PM2.5 and O3 in a coastal region of southeastern China and their removal by green spaces. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 32(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2020.1720620
Chen, A. S. Z. (2020, August 28–30). Temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing and its influencial factors [Conference presentation]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Materials Science (EEMS), Hulun Buir, China. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/585/1/012041
Chen, M., Dai, F., Yang, B., & Zhu, S. W. (2019). Effects of neighborhood green space on PM2.5 mitigation: Evidence from five megacities in China. Building and Environment, 156, 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.007
Dai, F., Chen, M., Wang, M., Zhu, S. W., & Fu, F. (2020). Effect of urban block form on reducing particulate matter: A case study of Wuhan. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 36(03), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2020.03.0109
Douglas, A. N. J., Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. (2019). Determining broad scale associations between air pollutants and urban forestry: A novel multifaceted methodological approach. Environmental Pollution, 247, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.099
Fan, S. X., Zhang, M. Y., Li, Y. L., Li, K., & Dong, L. (2021). Impacts of composition and canopy characteristics of plant communities on microclimate and airborne particles in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094791
Feng, N., Tang, M. X., Li, M. L., Chen, Y., Cao, L. M., He, L. Y., & Huang, X. F. (2021). Research on the influence of VOCs on the coupling generation of PM2.5 and O3 in Shenzhen. China Environmental Science, 41(01), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.2021.0002
Fishman, J., & Crutzen, P. J. (1978). The origin of ozone in the troposphere. Nature, 274, 855–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/274855a0
Gao, T., Liu, F., Wang, Y., Mu, S., & Qiu, L. (2020). Reduction of atmospheric suspended particulate matter concentration and influencing factors of green space in urban forest park. Forests, 11(9), Article 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090950
He, H. Y., Zhu, Y. S., Liu, L., Du, J., Liu, L. R., & Liu, J. (2023). Effects of roadside trees three-dimensional morphology characteristics on traffic-related PM2.5 distribution in hot-humid urban blocks. Urban Climate, 49, Article 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101448
Jiang, R. S., & Hong, B. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 and residents’ exposure risk assessment in residential outdoor open spaces. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(08), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2021.08.0121
King, K. L., Johnson, S., Kheirbek, I., Lu, J. W. T., & Matte, T. (2014). Differences in magnitude and spatial distribution of urban forest pollution deposition rates, air pollution emissions, and ambient neighborhood air quality in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 128, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.009
Li, Z. Y., Xie, M. M., Wang, H. H., Chen, B., Wu, R. R., & Chen, Y. (2022). The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and the surface urban heat island effect in Beijing, China. Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment, 46(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333211033209
Liu, C., Jin, M. Y., Zhu, X. H., & Peng, Z. R. (2021). Review of patterns of spatiotemporal PM2.5, driving factors, methods evolvement and urban planning implications. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 36(04), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20210402
Liu, H., Fang, C., Huang, X., Zhu, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2018).The spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Acta Geographic Sinica, 73(1), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201801015
Ministry of Ecology and Environment. (2018). Announcement on the release of the revision of Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/sthjbgg/201808/t20180815_451398.htm
Niu, X., Li, Y., Li, M. N., Zhang, T., Meng, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., & Zhang, W. K. (2022). Understanding vegetation structures in green spaces to regulate atmospheric particulate matter and negative air ions. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(9), Article 101534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101534
Qi, B., Niu, Y., Du, R., Yu, Z., Ying, F., Xu, H., Hong, S., & Yang, H. (2017). Characteristics of surface ozone concentration in urban site of Hangzhou. China Environmental Science, 37(02), 443–451.
Qin, H. Q., Hong, B., Jiang, R. S., Yan, S. S., & Zhou, Y. H. (2019). The effect of vegetation enhancement on particulate pollution reduction: CFD Simulations in an urban park. Forests, 10(5), Article 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050373
Qu, Y. W., Wang, T. J., Cai, Y. F., Wang, S. K., Chen, P. L., Li, S., Li, M. M., Yuan, C., Wang, J., & Xu, S. C. (2018). Influence of atmospheric particulate matter on ozone in Nanjing, China: Observational study and mechanistic analysis. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35(11), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8027-4
Sheng, Q. Q., Zhang, Y. L., Zhu, Z. L., Li, W. Z., Xu, J. Y., & Tan, R. (2019). An experimental study to quantify road greenbelts and their association with PM2.5 concentration along city main roads in Nanjing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 667, 710–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.306
Wang, P., Guo, H., Hu, J., Kota, S. H., Ying, Q., & Zhang, H. (2019). Responses of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China. Science of the Total Environment, 662, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.227
Wang, W., Cheng, X. Y., Hu, C., Xia, S. H., & Wang, T. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and air quality evaluation in urban street canyons: Take Changhuai Street in Hefei as an example. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 30(11), 2157–2164. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.006
Wu, J., Wang, Y., Liang, J., & Yao, F. (2021). Exploring common factors influencing PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the Pearl River Delta: Tradeoffs and synergies. Environmental Pollution, 285, Article 117138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117138
Xiang, S., Liu, J., Tao, W., Yi, K., Xu, J., Hu, X., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Hu, J., Wan, Y., Wang, X., Ma, J., Wang, X., & Tao, S. (2020). Control of both PM2.5 and O3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas. Atmospheric Environment, 224, Article 117259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117259
Xiao, Z. M., Xu, H., Gao, J. Y., Cai, Z. Y., Bi, W. K., Li, P., Yang, N., Deng, X. W., & Ji, Y. F. (2022). Characteristics and sources of PM2.5-O3 compound pollution in Tianjin. Environmental Science, 43(03), 1140–1150. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202108164
Xing, Q. F., & Sun, M. P. (2022). Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 spatio-temporal distribution and influencing meteorological conditions in Beijing. Atmosphere, 13(7), Article 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071120
Yan, S. S., & Hong, B. (2019). PM2.5 concentration distribution characteristics in different landscape spaces and influencing factors in urban park. Landscape Architecture, 26(07), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.14085/j.fjyl.2019.07.0101.06
Yin, Z., Zhang, Y. X., & Ma, K. M. (2022). Evaluation of PM2.5 retention capacity and structural optimization of urban park green spaces in Beijing. Forests, 13(3), Article 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030415
Zhang, K., Meng, F., Li, X. Y., Zhou, J., & Cui, K. Q. (2017). Effect of landscape plants on the concentration of PM2.5 from vehicle emission. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26(06), 1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2017.06.014
Zhao, A. Z., Xiang, K. Z., Liu, X. F., & Zhang, X. R. (2022). Spatio-temporal evolution patterns of PM2.5 and relationship with urban expansion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2018. Environmental Science, 43(05), 2274–2283. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202109226
Zhao, C. X., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Y. J., Zhang, H. L., & Zhao, B. Q. (2014). Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution status and the correlation of particulate matters and meteorological factors during winter and spring in Beijing. Environmental Science, 35(02), 418–427. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.02.013
Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., & Li, C. (2018). Spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 and O3 and their interaction during the summer and winter seasons in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 10(12), Article 4519. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124519
Zhao, S., & Xu, Y. (2021). Exploring the dynamic spatio-temporal correlations between PM2.5 emissions from different sources and urban expansion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), Article 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020608
Zhu, C. Y., Przybysz, A., Chen, Y. R., Guo, H. J., Chen, Y. Y., & Zeng, Y. Z. (2019). Effect of spatial heterogeneity of plant communities on air PM10 and PM2.5 in an urban forest park in Wuhan, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 46, Article 126487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126487
Chen, A. S. Z. (2020, August 28–30). Temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing and its influencial factors [Conference presentation]. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 6th International Conference on Energy, Environment and Materials Science (EEMS), Hulun Buir, China. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/585/1/012041
Chen, M., Dai, F., Yang, B., & Zhu, S. W. (2019). Effects of neighborhood green space on PM2.5 mitigation: Evidence from five megacities in China. Building and Environment, 156, 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.03.007
Dai, F., Chen, M., Wang, M., Zhu, S. W., & Fu, F. (2020). Effect of urban block form on reducing particulate matter: A case study of Wuhan. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 36(03), 109–114. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2020.03.0109
Douglas, A. N. J., Irga, P. J., & Torpy, F. R. (2019). Determining broad scale associations between air pollutants and urban forestry: A novel multifaceted methodological approach. Environmental Pollution, 247, 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.099
Fan, S. X., Zhang, M. Y., Li, Y. L., Li, K., & Dong, L. (2021). Impacts of composition and canopy characteristics of plant communities on microclimate and airborne particles in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 13(9), Article 4791. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094791
Feng, N., Tang, M. X., Li, M. L., Chen, Y., Cao, L. M., He, L. Y., & Huang, X. F. (2021). Research on the influence of VOCs on the coupling generation of PM2.5 and O3 in Shenzhen. China Environmental Science, 41(01), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.2021.0002
Fishman, J., & Crutzen, P. J. (1978). The origin of ozone in the troposphere. Nature, 274, 855–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/274855a0
Gao, T., Liu, F., Wang, Y., Mu, S., & Qiu, L. (2020). Reduction of atmospheric suspended particulate matter concentration and influencing factors of green space in urban forest park. Forests, 11(9), Article 950. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090950
He, H. Y., Zhu, Y. S., Liu, L., Du, J., Liu, L. R., & Liu, J. (2023). Effects of roadside trees three-dimensional morphology characteristics on traffic-related PM2.5 distribution in hot-humid urban blocks. Urban Climate, 49, Article 101448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101448
Jiang, R. S., & Hong, B. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 and residents’ exposure risk assessment in residential outdoor open spaces. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 37(08), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.19775/j.cla.2021.08.0121
King, K. L., Johnson, S., Kheirbek, I., Lu, J. W. T., & Matte, T. (2014). Differences in magnitude and spatial distribution of urban forest pollution deposition rates, air pollution emissions, and ambient neighborhood air quality in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 128, 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.04.009
Li, Z. Y., Xie, M. M., Wang, H. H., Chen, B., Wu, R. R., & Chen, Y. (2022). The spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the relationship between PM2.5 concentrations and the surface urban heat island effect in Beijing, China. Progress in Physical Geography-Earth and Environment, 46(1), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091333211033209
Liu, C., Jin, M. Y., Zhu, X. H., & Peng, Z. R. (2021). Review of patterns of spatiotemporal PM2.5, driving factors, methods evolvement and urban planning implications. Journal of Human Settlements in West China, 36(04), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.13791/j.cnki.hsfwest.20210402
Liu, H., Fang, C., Huang, X., Zhu, X., Zhou, Y., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2018).The spatial-temporal characteristics and influencing factors of air pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. Acta Geographic Sinica, 73(1), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.11821/dlxb201801015
Ministry of Ecology and Environment. (2018). Announcement on the release of the revision of Ambient Air Quality Standards (GB 3095-2012). http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/sthjbgw/sthjbgg/201808/t20180815_451398.htm
Niu, X., Li, Y., Li, M. N., Zhang, T., Meng, H., Zhang, Z., Wang, B., & Zhang, W. K. (2022). Understanding vegetation structures in green spaces to regulate atmospheric particulate matter and negative air ions. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 13(9), Article 101534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2022.101534
Qi, B., Niu, Y., Du, R., Yu, Z., Ying, F., Xu, H., Hong, S., & Yang, H. (2017). Characteristics of surface ozone concentration in urban site of Hangzhou. China Environmental Science, 37(02), 443–451.
Qin, H. Q., Hong, B., Jiang, R. S., Yan, S. S., & Zhou, Y. H. (2019). The effect of vegetation enhancement on particulate pollution reduction: CFD Simulations in an urban park. Forests, 10(5), Article 373. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10050373
Qu, Y. W., Wang, T. J., Cai, Y. F., Wang, S. K., Chen, P. L., Li, S., Li, M. M., Yuan, C., Wang, J., & Xu, S. C. (2018). Influence of atmospheric particulate matter on ozone in Nanjing, China: Observational study and mechanistic analysis. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 35(11), 1381–1395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8027-4
Sheng, Q. Q., Zhang, Y. L., Zhu, Z. L., Li, W. Z., Xu, J. Y., & Tan, R. (2019). An experimental study to quantify road greenbelts and their association with PM2.5 concentration along city main roads in Nanjing, China. Science of the Total Environment, 667, 710–717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.306
Wang, P., Guo, H., Hu, J., Kota, S. H., Ying, Q., & Zhang, H. (2019). Responses of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations to changes of meteorology and emissions in China. Science of the Total Environment, 662, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.227
Wang, W., Cheng, X. Y., Hu, C., Xia, S. H., & Wang, T. (2021). Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and air quality evaluation in urban street canyons: Take Changhuai Street in Hefei as an example. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 30(11), 2157–2164. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2021.11.006
Wu, J., Wang, Y., Liang, J., & Yao, F. (2021). Exploring common factors influencing PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the Pearl River Delta: Tradeoffs and synergies. Environmental Pollution, 285, Article 117138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117138
Xiang, S., Liu, J., Tao, W., Yi, K., Xu, J., Hu, X., Liu, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Yang, H., Hu, J., Wan, Y., Wang, X., Ma, J., Wang, X., & Tao, S. (2020). Control of both PM2.5 and O3 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding areas. Atmospheric Environment, 224, Article 117259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117259
Xiao, Z. M., Xu, H., Gao, J. Y., Cai, Z. Y., Bi, W. K., Li, P., Yang, N., Deng, X. W., & Ji, Y. F. (2022). Characteristics and sources of PM2.5-O3 compound pollution in Tianjin. Environmental Science, 43(03), 1140–1150. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202108164
Xing, Q. F., & Sun, M. P. (2022). Characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 spatio-temporal distribution and influencing meteorological conditions in Beijing. Atmosphere, 13(7), Article 1120. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos13071120
Yan, S. S., & Hong, B. (2019). PM2.5 concentration distribution characteristics in different landscape spaces and influencing factors in urban park. Landscape Architecture, 26(07), 101–106. https://doi.org/10.14085/j.fjyl.2019.07.0101.06
Yin, Z., Zhang, Y. X., & Ma, K. M. (2022). Evaluation of PM2.5 retention capacity and structural optimization of urban park green spaces in Beijing. Forests, 13(3), Article 415. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13030415
Zhang, K., Meng, F., Li, X. Y., Zhou, J., & Cui, K. Q. (2017). Effect of landscape plants on the concentration of PM2.5 from vehicle emission. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 26(06), 1009–1016. https://doi.org/10.16258/j.cnki.1674-5906.2017.06.014
Zhao, A. Z., Xiang, K. Z., Liu, X. F., & Zhang, X. R. (2022). Spatio-temporal evolution patterns of PM2.5 and relationship with urban expansion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2018. Environmental Science, 43(05), 2274–2283. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202109226
Zhao, C. X., Wang, Y. Q., Wang, Y. J., Zhang, H. L., & Zhao, B. Q. (2014). Temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 and PM10 pollution status and the correlation of particulate matters and meteorological factors during winter and spring in Beijing. Environmental Science, 35(02), 418–427. https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2014.02.013
Zhao, H., Zheng, Y., & Li, C. (2018). Spatiotemporal distribution of PM2.5 and O3 and their interaction during the summer and winter seasons in Beijing, China. Sustainability, 10(12), Article 4519. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124519
Zhao, S., & Xu, Y. (2021). Exploring the dynamic spatio-temporal correlations between PM2.5 emissions from different sources and urban expansion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), Article 608. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020608
Zhu, C. Y., Przybysz, A., Chen, Y. R., Guo, H. J., Chen, Y. Y., & Zeng, Y. Z. (2019). Effect of spatial heterogeneity of plant communities on air PM10 and PM2.5 in an urban forest park in Wuhan, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 46, Article 126487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126487