A SDGs-oriented evaluation of the ecological sustainability of international horticultural exposition sites in Chengdu, China
Abstract
This study employs the AHP-entropy weight methodology and a spatial econometric regression model to evaluate the ecological sustainability and its changes between the current situation and the planning scenario at the 2024 Chengdu International Horticultural Exposition in China. The results indicate a notable shift: a reduction in areas of low and highest sustainability and significant expansion in medium levels, which spans 34.04 hm2. The transformation of village settlements, wastelands, and farmland into exhibition gardens and water bodies is shown to bolster medium-level ecological sustainability by enhancing rain and flood security and mitigating the risk of flood disasters. The development of Integrated Service areas will lead to an increase in impervious surfaces. The anticipated forest loss, along with declines in vegetation coverage, three-dimensional green volume, and vegetation carbon stock will adversely affect the highest sustainability. The study identifies a robust correlation between ecological sustainability level and quantitative indicators, with regression coefficients ranging from 0.5875 to 0.7148. This analysis provides policymakers with valuable insights and directions for the sustainable planning and development of mega-events.
Keyword : ecological space, habitats diversity, soil erosion intensity, sustainable development, planning scenario
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Backes, J. G., & Traverso, M. (2022). Life cycle sustainability assessment as a metrics towards SDGs agenda 2030. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 38, Article 100683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100683
Berardi, U. (2013). Sustainability assessment of urban communities through rating systems. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 15, 1573–1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-013-9462-0
Boess, E. R., Kørnøv, L., Lyhne, I., & Partidario, M. R. (2021). Integrating SDGs in environmental assessment: Unfolding SDG functions in emerging practices. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 90, Article 106632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106632
Chen, J., Yang, S., Li, H., Zhang, B., & Lv, J. (2013). Research on geographical environment unit division based on the method of natural breaks (Jenks). The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, 40, 47–50. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-W3-47-2013
Clouston, B. (1984). Reclamation and landform design the Liverpool international garden festival. Landscape Planning, 11(4), 327–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3924(84)90028-5
Cobbinah, P. B., Erdiaw-Kwasie, M. O., & Amoateng, P. (2015). Africa’s urbanisation: Implications for sustainable development. Cities, 47, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.03.013
Del Campo, A. G., Gazzola, P., & Onyango, V. (2020). The mutualism of strategic environmental assessment and sustainable development goals. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 82, Article 106383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106383
Dong, J., Jiang, H., Gu, T., Liu, Y., & Peng, J. (2022). Sustainable landscape pattern: A landscape approach to serving spatial planning. Landscape Ecology, 37, 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01329-0
Eisenmenger, N., Pichler, M., Krenmayr, N., Noll, D., Plank, B., Schalmann, E., Wandl, M.-T., & Gingrich, S. (2020). The Sustainable Development Goals prioritize economic growth over sustainable resource use: A critical reflection on the SDGs from a socio-ecological perspective. Sustainability Science, 15, 1101–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-020-00813-x
Estoque, R. C., Ooba, M., Togawa, T., Hijioka, Y., & Murayama, Y. (2021). Monitoring global land-use efficiency in the context of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Habitat International, 115, Article 102403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2021.102403
Fentaw, G., Mezgebu, A., Wondie, A., & Getnet, B. (2022). Ecological health assessment of Ethiopian wetlands: Review and synthesis. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 15, Article 100194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2022.100194
Gao, C. (2020). Study on the sustainable development of space in post international horticultural exhibition age from urban perspective. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1575, Article 012165. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1575/1/012165
Gatto, A., & Busato, F. (2020). Energy vulnerability around the world: The global energy vulnerability index (GEVI). Journal of Cleaner Production, 253, Article 118691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118691
Griggs, D., Smith, M. S., Rockström, J., Öhman, M. C., Gaffney, O., Glaser, G., Kanie, N., Noble, I., Steffen, W., & Shyamsundar, P. (2014). An integrated framework for sustainable development goals. Ecology and Society, 19(4), Article 49. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07082-190449
Guo, P. Y., Liu, T., & Lv, T. (2016). Analysis on the planning and design of Tangshan Expo from the perspective of sustainable development. Architecture and Culture, (10), 138–139.
Han, R., Feng, C.-C., Xu, N., & Guo, L. (2020). Spatial heterogeneous relationship between ecosystem services and human disturbances: A case study in Chuandong, China. Science of the Total Environment, 721, Article 137818. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137818
Jiang, H., Sun, Z., Guo, H., Weng, Q., Du, W., Xing, Q., & Cai, G. (2021). An assessment of urbanization sustainability in China between 1990 and 2015 using land use efficiency indicators. npj Urban Sustainability, 1, Article 34. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42949-021-00032-y
Jin, H., & Wang, Y. (2006). The world gives Shenyang a chance, and Shenyang returns the world a miracle – 2006 China Shenyang International Horticultural Exposition. Chinese Garden, (05), 1–4.
Kim, I., & Kwon, H. (2021). Assessing the impacts of urban land use changes on regional ecosystem services according to urban green space policies via the patch-based cellular automata model. Environmental Management, 67(1), 192–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-020-01394-2
Kong, Y., & Khan, R. (2019). To examine environmental pollution by economic growth and their impact in an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) among developed and developing countries. PloS One, 14(3), Article e0209532. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209532
Kørnøv, L., Lyhne, I., & Davila, J. G. (2020). Linking the UN SDGs and environmental assessment: Towards a conceptual framework. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 85, Article 106463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106463
Kuc-Czarnecka, M., Markowicz, I., & Sompolska-Rzechuła, A. (2023). SDGs implementation, their synergies, and trade-offs in EU countries – Sensitivity analysis-based approach. Ecological Indicators, 146, Article 109888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.109888
Li, J., Zhou, K., Xie, B., & Xiao, J. (2021). Impact of landscape pattern change on water-related ecosystem services: Comprehensive analysis based on heterogeneity perspective. Ecological Indicators, 133, Article 108372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.108372
Li, W., Wang, W., Chen, J., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Assessing effects of the Returning Farmland to Forest Program on vegetation cover changes at multiple spatial scales: The case of northwest Yunnan, China. Journal of Environmental Management, 304, Article 114303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114303
Liu, Q., Wang, S., Zhang, W., Zhan, D., & Li, J. (2018). Does foreign direct investment affect environmental pollution in China’s cities? A spatial econometric perspective. Science of the Total Environment, 613, 521–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.110
Liu, W., Zhan, J., Zhao, F., Yan, H., Zhang, F., & Wei, X. (2019). Impacts of urbanization-induced land-use changes on ecosystem services: A case study of the Pearl River Delta Metropolitan Region, China. Ecological Indicators, 98, 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.054
Lu, H., Zhang, J., Jiang, J., & Gong, C. (2021). Evolution characteristics and fitting of extreme precipitation in Sichuan Basin. Journal of Chengdu University of Information Technology, 36(04), 404–412. https://doi.org/10.16836/j.cnki.jcuit.2021.04.010
Malay, O. E. (2021). Improving government and business coordination through the use of consistent SDGs indicators. A comparative analysis of national (Belgian) and business (pharma and retail) sustainability indicators. Ecological Economics, 184, Article 106991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.106991
Marques, J. C. (2001). Diversity, biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 534–543. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.101
Martínez-Fernández, V., González, E., López-Almansa, J. C., González, S. M., & de Jalón, D. G. (2017). Dismantling artificial levees and channel revetments promotes channel widening and regeneration of riparian vegetation over long river segments. Ecological Engineering, 108, 132–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.08.005
Mauree, D., Naboni, E., Coccolo, S., Perera, A. T. D., Nik, V. M., & Scartezzini, J. L. (2019). A review of assessment methods for the urban environment and its energy sustainability to guarantee climate adaptation of future cities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 112, 733–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.005
Miiller, N. (1998). Effects of natural and human disturbances on floodplain vegetation. In International Symposium on River Restoration, Tokyo.
Obaideen, K., Yousef, B. A., AlMallahi, M. N., Tan, Y. C., Mahmoud, M., Jaber, H., & Ramadan, M. (2022). An overview of smart irrigation systems using IoT. Energy Nexus, 7, Article 100124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100124
Pandey, A., & Asif, M. (2022). Assessment of energy and environmental sustainability in South Asia in the perspective of the Sustainable Development Goals. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 165, Article 112492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112492
Peng, J., Wang, Y., Wu, J., Shen, H., & Pan, Y. (2011). Research progress on evaluation frameworks of regional ecological sustainability. Chinese Geographical Science, 21, 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-011-0490-0
Reyes-Riveros, R., Altamirano, A., De La Barrera, F., Rozas-Vásquez, D., Vieli, L., & Meli, P. (2021). Linking public urban green spaces and human well-being: A systematic review. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 61, Article 127105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127105
Sannigrahi, S., Pilla, F., Basu, B., Basu, A. S., & Molter, A. (2020). Examining the association between socio-demographic composition and COVID-19 fatalities in the European region using spatial regression approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, Article 102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102418
Sarkodie, S. A. (2022). Winners and losers of energy sustainability – Global assessment of the Sustainable Development Goals. Science of the Total Environment, 831, Article 154945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154945
Schröder, P., Lemille, A., & Desmond, P. (2020). Making the circular economy work for human development. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 156, Article 104686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104686
Song, M., Jin, G., & Yan, W. (2021). Which pro-environmental farming behaviors should be priorities for funding? An approach based on matching ecosystem services (ESs) demand and supply. Journal of Environmental Management, 297, Article 113368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113368
Tai, X., Xiao, W., & Tang, Y. (2020). A quantitative assessment of vulnerability using social-economic-natural compound ecosystem framework in coal mining cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, Article 120969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120969
Tripathi, M., & Singal, S. K. (2019). Allocation of weights using factor analysis for development of a novel water quality index. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 183, Article 109510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109510
United Nations Environment Programme. (2019). Measuring progress: Towards achieving the environmental dimension of the SDGs. https://unepgrid.ch/storage/app/media/legacy/95/UNEP_Measuring_Progress_2019.pdf
United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/post2015/transformingourworld
Valenzuela-Venegas, G., Salgado, J. C., & Díaz-Alvarado, F. A. (2016). Sustainability indicators for the assessment of eco-industrial parks: Classification and criteria for selection. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.113
van Asselt, H., Rayner, T., & Persson, Å. (2015). Climate policy integration. In Research handbook on climate governance (pp. 388–399). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781783470600.00046
Wang, Y., Chang, Q., & Fan, P. (2021). A framework to integrate multifunctionality analyses into green infrastructure planning. Landscape Ecology, 36, 1951–1969. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-020-01058-w
Wang, Y., Wang, R., & Jia, Y. (2022). Sustainability evaluation of rural ecological space in plain based on SDGs: A case study of Heishan County, Liaoning Province. Chinese Journal of Landscape Architecture, 39(03), 4–12.
Wang, Z. (2019). Discussion on the development of Yangzhou Garden Expo based on the concept of sustainable development. Garden Architecture, (01), 28–31.
Xiao, K., Tamborski, J., Wang, X., Feng, X., Wang, S., Wang, Q., Lin, D., & Li, H. (2022). A coupling methodology of the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight theory for assessing coastal water quality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 31217–31234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17247-2
Xing, L., Zhu, Y., & Wang, J. (2021). Spatial spillover effects of urbanization on ecosystem services value in Chinese cities. Ecological Indicators, 121, Article 107028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107028
Xu, C., Jiang, W., Huang, Q., & Wang, Y. (2020). Ecosystem services response to rural-urban transitions in coastal and island cities: A comparison between Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260, Article 121033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121033
Yang, S., Zhao, W., Liu, Y., Cherubini, F., Fu, B., & Pereira, P. (2020). Prioritizing sustainable development goals and linking them to ecosystem services: A global expert’s knowledge evaluation. Geography and Sustainability, 1(4), 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geosus.2020.09.004
Yoo, J., & Ready, R. (2016). The impact of agricultural conservation easement on nearby house prices: Incorporating spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Journal of Forest Economics, 25, 78–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2016.09.001
Zhang, J., Djajadikerta, H. G., & Trireksani, T. (2020). Corporate sustainability disclosure’s importance in China: Financial analysts’ perception. Social Responsibility Journal, 16(8), 1169–1189. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-10-2018-0272
Zhang, X., Yao, G., Vishwakarma, S., Dalin, C., Komarek, A. M., Kanter, D. R., Davis, K. F., Pfeifer, K., Zhao, J., & Zou, T. (2021). Quantitative assessment of agricultural sustainability reveals divergent priorities among nations. One Earth, 4(9), 1262–1277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2021.08.015
Zheng, L., Wang, Y., & Li, J. (2021). How to achieve the ecological sustainability goal of UNESCO Global Geoparks? A multi-scenario simulation and ecological assessment approach using Dabieshan UGGp, China as a case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 329, Article 129779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129779
Zhong, C., Guo, H., Swan, I., Gao, P., Yao, Q., Yao, Q., & Li, H., (2023). Evaluating trends, profits, and risks of global cities in recent urban expansion for advancing sustainable development. Habitat International, 138, Article 102869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102869
Zhou, C., Chen, J., & Wang, S. (2018). Examining the effects of socioeconomic development on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in China’s cities using spatial regression and the geographical detector technique. Science of the Total Environment, 619, 436–445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.124
Zhou, T. (2021). Construction of urban stormwater safety system based on blue and green space construction: A case study of the Eastern New City of Chengdu. Urban Planning Society of China. https://doi.org/10.26914/c.cnkihy.2021.029788