Recognition and optimization of landscape genes in traditional settlements: a case of Meishan area
Abstract
Traditional settlement landscapes provide vital ecosystem services and represent significant cultural heritage, making their preservation crucial for national cultural development and rural revitalization. This study focuses on Meicheng Town in the Meishan area, utilizing landscape gene theory to classify and identify cultural landscape features. By integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE), the study develops a landscape gene sorting index system, systematically evaluating 16 sub-categories of landscape factors. The results highlight topography and building decoration as dominant features that should be prioritized for preservation. However, areas such as building materials, traditional culture, and folk customs require significant improvement. Additionally, the river and road landscapes present opportunities for enhancement to strengthen the town’s cultural identity and aesthetic quality. The study provides practical recommendations for optimizing Meicheng Town’s landscape, balancing the preservation of traditional elements with modern development needs. This approach addresses gaps in the literature on settlement landscape genes and offers strategies for sustainable rural cultural landscape development.
Keyword : rural culture landscape, traditional settlements, Meishan, analytic hierarchy process, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
How to Cite
Xia, H., & Chen, F. (2025). Recognition and optimization of landscape genes in traditional settlements: a case of Meishan area. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management, 33(1), 85–96. https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2025.22946
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Feng, S., & Xu, L. D. (1999). Decision support for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of urban development. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 105(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(97)00229-7
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Jongman, R. H. (2002). Homogenisation and fragmentation of the European landscape: Ecological consequences and solutions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58(2–4), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00222-5
Klir, G. J., & Yuan, B. (1996). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: Theory and applications. Possibility Theory Versus Probability Theory, 32(2), 207–208.
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Liu, K. F., & Lai, J.-H. (2009). Decision-support for environmental impact assessment: A hybrid approach using fuzzy logic and fuzzy analytic network process. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 5119–5136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.06.045
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Liu, P., Zeng, C., & Liu, R. (2023). Environmental adaptation of traditional Chinese settlement patterns and its landscape gene mapping. Habitat International, 135, Article 102808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102808
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Liu, Y., Meng, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Allam, M., Hu, X., & Zhan, C. (2022). Evaluation of urban spatial structure from the perspective of socioeconomic benefits based on 3D urban landscape measurements: A case study of Beijing, China. Remote Sensing, 14(21), Article 5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215511
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Miao, Y., Liu, P., Fu, I. C. S., Lei, Q., Lau, S. S. Y., & Tao, Y. (2022). The study of architectural geometry and shape in the energy balance of glazed roofs. Buildings, 12(10), Article 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101550
Miao, Y., Ye, T., Xiao, J., Lau, S. S. Y., & Zhou, Z. (2024a). Investigation on alkali-activated insulation mortar containing high-volume recycled concrete powder for energy-efficient buildings. Energy and Buildings, 303, Article 113825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113825
Miao, Y., Yu, D. S. F., Tan, W., Lau, S. S. Y., Lau, S. S. Y., & Tao, Y. (2024b). Crafting sustainable healthcare environments using green building ratings for aging societies. Sustainability, 16(5), Article 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051954
O’Neill, R. V., Krummel, J., R., Gardner, R. H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D. L., Milne, B. T., Turner, M. G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen, S. W., Dale, V. H., & Graham, R. L. (1988). Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, 1(3), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162741
Parks, L. C., Wallin, D. O., Cushman, S. A., & McRae, B. H. (2015). Landscape-level analysis of mountain goat population connectivity in Washington and southern British Columbia. Conservation Genetics, 16(5), 1195–1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0732-2
Peilin, L. (2015). Theories and practices of remembering nostalgia in new urbanization. Journal of Landscape Research, 7(6), Article 53.
Pinto-Correia, T., & Kristensen, L. (2013). Linking research to practice: The landscape as the basis for integrating social and ecological perspectives of the rural. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120, 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.005
Plexida, S. G., Sfougaris, A. I., Ispikoudis, I. P., & Papanastasis, V. P. (2014). Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity–A comparison among Greek landscapes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 26, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.001
Qiu, Y., & Chen, F. (2016). Research on ancestral hall stages in meishan area: A case study of the Lei family’s ancestral hall stage in Changtang Town, Anhua County. In 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016) (pp. 905–910). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icseee-16.2016.162
Ren, X., Kang, J., Zhu, P., & Wang, S. (2018). Effects of soundscape on rural landscape evaluations. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 70, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.03.003
Risser, P. G. (1990). The ecological importance of land-water ecotones. The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones, 4, 7–22.
Saaty, T. L. (1989). Group decision making and the AHP. In The analytic hierarchy process (pp. 59–67). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50244-6_4
Schwarzbach, E., Smýkal, P., Dostál, O., Jarkovská, M., & Valová, S. (2014). Gregor J. Mendel – genetics founding father. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 50(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.17221/54/2014-CJGPB
Semple, E. C. (1911). Influences of geographic environment, on the basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography. H. Holt.
Seyedmohammadi, J., & Navidi, M. N. (2022). Applying fuzzy inference system and analytic network process based on GIS to determine land suitability potential for agricultural. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(10), Article 712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10327-x
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., & McDowell, R. W. (2019a). Development of a model using matter element, AHP and GIS techniques to assess the suitability of land for agriculture. Geoderma, 352, 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.05.046
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., & McDowell, R. W. (2019b). Integration of ANP and Fuzzy set techniques for land suitability assessment based on remote sensing and GIS for irrigated maize cultivation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 65(8), 1063–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1549363
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., Ghorbani, M. A., & Shahbazi, F. (2018). Application of SAW, TOPSIS and fuzzy TOPSIS models in cultivation priority planning for maize, rapeseed and soybean crops. Geoderma, 310, 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.012
Unwin, S. D. (1986). A fuzzy set theoretic foundation for vagueness in uncertainty analysis. Risk Analysis, 6(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00191.x
Vetter, S. (2013). Development and sustainable management of rangeland commons–aligning policy with the realities of South Africa’s rural landscape. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 30(1–2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2012.750628
Wagner, H. H., & Fortin, M.-J. (2005). Spatial analysis of landscapes: Concepts and statistics. Ecology, 86(8), 1975–1987. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0914
Wang, W., Li, W., Pan, J., Deng, X., & Xiao, H. (2023). Research progress and prospect of landscape gene theory in China. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Social Science), 17(6), 122–130.
Wang, W., Shi, Q., & Wang, G. (2024). Analysis of performance and genetic characteristics of cultural landscapes in traditional villages along the Jinzhong section of the Wanli Tea Road from a landscape gene information chain perspective: A case study of Xiamen Village. Sustainability, 16(18), Article 8131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188131
Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2020). Multi-scale analysis of the spatial structure of China’s major function zoning. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1723-x
Xiang, L., Cao, M., Qin, J., & Wu, C. (2020). Study of traditional rural settlements landscape genetic variability in Shaanxi province based on accurate-restoration. Progress in Geography, 39(9), 1544–1556. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.09.011
Xiao, H., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, M., & Yu, Z. (2013). Ecological evaluation and reconstruction of fine-scale rural landscape. Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 21(12), 1554–1564. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30565
Yang, X., & Lo, C. (2003). Modelling urban growth and landscape changes in the Atlanta metropolitan area. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 17(5), 463–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1365881031000086965
Yang, Z.-w., Chen, J., Duan, J.-y., & Liu, B.-t. (2021). Evaluation of vernacular landscape attraction for traditional village tourism: A case study of Yongfeng Village in Lanzhou. E3S Web of Conferences, 292, Article 03058. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203058
Yong, F., & Xiang, J. (2024). Spatial gene extraction and regional overall protection of traditional villages. In Urban construction and management engineering IV (pp. 1076–1084). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032626444-138
Zhang, L., & Chen, F. (2014). Landscape diachrony in the design expression for meishan culture park: A survey. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 13(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.13.157
Zhao, Z., Ji, C., Xiao, J., Yao, L., Lin, C., Ding, T., & Ye, T. (2023). A critical review on reducing the environmental impact of 3D printing concrete: Material preparation, construction process and structure level. Construction and Building Materials, 409, Article 133887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133887
Zhong, Y., & Chen, F. (2015). Study on the uncertainty in meishan culture park construction and art’s randomness. In 5th International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation (pp. 1366–1370). Atlantis Press.
Zou, Y. (2008). Anhua traditional architecture with Meishan culture. Changsha.
Zui, H., Peilin, L., Yunyuan, D., & Wenwu, Z. (2015). A novel method for identifying and separating landscape genes from traditional settlements. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(12), 1518–1524.
Blackmore, S. J. (2000). The meme machine (Vol. 25). Oxford Paperbacks.
Cadieux, K. V., & Hurley, P. T. (2011). Amenity migration, exurbia, and emerging rural landscapes: Global natural amenity as place and as process. GeoJournal, 76, 297–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9335-0
Churchill, F. B. (1974). William Johannsen and the genotype concept. Journal of the History of Biology, 7, 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179291
Conzen, M. R. (2004). Thinking about urban form: Papers on urban morphology, 1932-1998. Peter Lang.
Dang, A., Zhao, D., Chen, Y., & Wang, C. (2020). Conservation of cave-dwelling village using Cultural Landscape Gene Theory. In Spatial synthesis: Computational social science and humanities (pp. 97–105). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52734-1_8
Dawkins, R. (2016). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781912281251
Dubois, D. J. (1980). Fuzzy sets and systems: Theory and applications (Vol. 144). Academic Press.
Feng, S., & Xu, L. D. (1999). Decision support for fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of urban development. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 105(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0114(97)00229-7
Gullino, P., Devecchi, M., & Larcher, F. (2018). How can different stakeholders contribute to rural landscape planning policy? The case study of Pralormo municipality (Italy). Journal of Rural Studies, 57, 99–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.12.002
Guo, Z.-H. (2022). Local revitalization: Support from local residents. Sustainability, 14(14), Article 8298. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148298
Hu, Z., Liu, P., Deng, Y., & Zheng, W. (2015). A novel method for identifying and separating landscape genes from traditional settlements. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 35(12), 1518–1524.
Hu, Z., Strobl, J., Min, Q., Tan, M., & Chen, F. (2021). Visualizing the cultural landscape gene of traditional settlements in China: A semiotic perspective. Heritage Science, 9(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00589-y
Jing, L., & Hua, H. C. (n.d.). Anhua traditional residential architecture design method of regeneration.
Jongman, R. H. (2002). Homogenisation and fragmentation of the European landscape: Ecological consequences and solutions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 58(2–4), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00222-5
Klir, G. J., & Yuan, B. (1996). Fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic: Theory and applications. Possibility Theory Versus Probability Theory, 32(2), 207–208.
Krummel, J., Gardner, R., Sugihara, G., O’Neill, R., & Coleman, P. (1987). Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment. Oikos, 48(3), 321–324. https://doi.org/10.2307/3565520
Lee, J.-A., Lee, Y.-K., Lee, S.-W., & Chon, J.-H. (2011). Landscape Resources evaluation strategy of rural waterfront villages – An application to a rural waterfront village along the Han river. Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning, 17(3), 91–101. https://doi.org/10.7851/ksrp.2011.17.3.091
Liu, K. F., & Lai, J.-H. (2009). Decision-support for environmental impact assessment: A hybrid approach using fuzzy logic and fuzzy analytic network process. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(3), 5119–5136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.06.045
Liu, P. (2014). Traditional settlement cultural landscape gene: A precise interpretation for traditional settlement landscape gene’s maps. The Commercial Press.
Liu, P., Zeng, C., & Liu, R. (2023). Environmental adaptation of traditional Chinese settlement patterns and its landscape gene mapping. Habitat International, 135, Article 102808. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2023.102808
Liu, S., Wu, L., Xiang, C., & Dai, W. (2024). Revitalizing rural landscapes: Applying cultural landscape gene theory for sustainable spatial planning in Linpu Village. Buildings, 14(8), Article 2396. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082396
Liu, Y., Meng, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, L., Allam, M., Hu, X., & Zhan, C. (2022). Evaluation of urban spatial structure from the perspective of socioeconomic benefits based on 3D urban landscape measurements: A case study of Beijing, China. Remote Sensing, 14(21), Article 5511. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14215511
Luo, J., & Chen, F. (2016). Preservation of traditional culture in modern society: A case study of China Meishan cultural park. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 11(3), 416–425. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V11-N3-416-425
Miao, Y., Liu, P., Fu, I. C. S., Lei, Q., Lau, S. S. Y., & Tao, Y. (2022). The study of architectural geometry and shape in the energy balance of glazed roofs. Buildings, 12(10), Article 1550. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101550
Miao, Y., Ye, T., Xiao, J., Lau, S. S. Y., & Zhou, Z. (2024a). Investigation on alkali-activated insulation mortar containing high-volume recycled concrete powder for energy-efficient buildings. Energy and Buildings, 303, Article 113825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113825
Miao, Y., Yu, D. S. F., Tan, W., Lau, S. S. Y., Lau, S. S. Y., & Tao, Y. (2024b). Crafting sustainable healthcare environments using green building ratings for aging societies. Sustainability, 16(5), Article 1954. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16051954
O’Neill, R. V., Krummel, J., R., Gardner, R. H., Sugihara, G., Jackson, B., DeAngelis, D. L., Milne, B. T., Turner, M. G., Zygmunt, B., Christensen, S. W., Dale, V. H., & Graham, R. L. (1988). Indices of landscape pattern. Landscape Ecology, 1(3), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00162741
Parks, L. C., Wallin, D. O., Cushman, S. A., & McRae, B. H. (2015). Landscape-level analysis of mountain goat population connectivity in Washington and southern British Columbia. Conservation Genetics, 16(5), 1195–1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-015-0732-2
Peilin, L. (2015). Theories and practices of remembering nostalgia in new urbanization. Journal of Landscape Research, 7(6), Article 53.
Pinto-Correia, T., & Kristensen, L. (2013). Linking research to practice: The landscape as the basis for integrating social and ecological perspectives of the rural. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120, 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.07.005
Plexida, S. G., Sfougaris, A. I., Ispikoudis, I. P., & Papanastasis, V. P. (2014). Selecting landscape metrics as indicators of spatial heterogeneity–A comparison among Greek landscapes. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 26, 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2013.05.001
Qiu, Y., & Chen, F. (2016). Research on ancestral hall stages in meishan area: A case study of the Lei family’s ancestral hall stage in Changtang Town, Anhua County. In 5th International Conference on Sustainable Energy and Environment Engineering (ICSEEE 2016) (pp. 905–910). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icseee-16.2016.162
Ren, X., Kang, J., Zhu, P., & Wang, S. (2018). Effects of soundscape on rural landscape evaluations. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 70, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2018.03.003
Risser, P. G. (1990). The ecological importance of land-water ecotones. The Ecology and Management of Aquatic-Terrestrial Ecotones, 4, 7–22.
Saaty, T. L. (1989). Group decision making and the AHP. In The analytic hierarchy process (pp. 59–67). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-50244-6_4
Schwarzbach, E., Smýkal, P., Dostál, O., Jarkovská, M., & Valová, S. (2014). Gregor J. Mendel – genetics founding father. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 50(2), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.17221/54/2014-CJGPB
Semple, E. C. (1911). Influences of geographic environment, on the basis of Ratzel’s System of Anthropo-geography. H. Holt.
Seyedmohammadi, J., & Navidi, M. N. (2022). Applying fuzzy inference system and analytic network process based on GIS to determine land suitability potential for agricultural. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(10), Article 712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10327-x
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., & McDowell, R. W. (2019a). Development of a model using matter element, AHP and GIS techniques to assess the suitability of land for agriculture. Geoderma, 352, 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.05.046
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., & McDowell, R. W. (2019b). Integration of ANP and Fuzzy set techniques for land suitability assessment based on remote sensing and GIS for irrigated maize cultivation. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 65(8), 1063–1079. https://doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2018.1549363
Seyedmohammadi, J., Sarmadian, F., Jafarzadeh, A. A., Ghorbani, M. A., & Shahbazi, F. (2018). Application of SAW, TOPSIS and fuzzy TOPSIS models in cultivation priority planning for maize, rapeseed and soybean crops. Geoderma, 310, 178–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.09.012
Unwin, S. D. (1986). A fuzzy set theoretic foundation for vagueness in uncertainty analysis. Risk Analysis, 6(1), 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.1986.tb00191.x
Vetter, S. (2013). Development and sustainable management of rangeland commons–aligning policy with the realities of South Africa’s rural landscape. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 30(1–2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2989/10220119.2012.750628
Wagner, H. H., & Fortin, M.-J. (2005). Spatial analysis of landscapes: Concepts and statistics. Ecology, 86(8), 1975–1987. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0914
Wang, W., Li, W., Pan, J., Deng, X., & Xiao, H. (2023). Research progress and prospect of landscape gene theory in China. Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University (Social Science), 17(6), 122–130.
Wang, W., Shi, Q., & Wang, G. (2024). Analysis of performance and genetic characteristics of cultural landscapes in traditional villages along the Jinzhong section of the Wanli Tea Road from a landscape gene information chain perspective: A case study of Xiamen Village. Sustainability, 16(18), Article 8131. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188131
Wang, Y., & Fan, J. (2020). Multi-scale analysis of the spatial structure of China’s major function zoning. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30, 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1723-x
Xiang, L., Cao, M., Qin, J., & Wu, C. (2020). Study of traditional rural settlements landscape genetic variability in Shaanxi province based on accurate-restoration. Progress in Geography, 39(9), 1544–1556. https://doi.org/10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.09.011
Xiao, H., Li, L., Zhang, Q., Liu, M., & Yu, Z. (2013). Ecological evaluation and reconstruction of fine-scale rural landscape. Zhongguo Shengtai Nongye Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 21(12), 1554–1564. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1011.2013.30565
Yang, X., & Lo, C. (2003). Modelling urban growth and landscape changes in the Atlanta metropolitan area. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 17(5), 463–488. https://doi.org/10.1080/1365881031000086965
Yang, Z.-w., Chen, J., Duan, J.-y., & Liu, B.-t. (2021). Evaluation of vernacular landscape attraction for traditional village tourism: A case study of Yongfeng Village in Lanzhou. E3S Web of Conferences, 292, Article 03058. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129203058
Yong, F., & Xiang, J. (2024). Spatial gene extraction and regional overall protection of traditional villages. In Urban construction and management engineering IV (pp. 1076–1084). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781032626444-138
Zhang, L., & Chen, F. (2014). Landscape diachrony in the design expression for meishan culture park: A survey. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 13(1), 157–162. https://doi.org/10.3130/jaabe.13.157
Zhao, Z., Ji, C., Xiao, J., Yao, L., Lin, C., Ding, T., & Ye, T. (2023). A critical review on reducing the environmental impact of 3D printing concrete: Material preparation, construction process and structure level. Construction and Building Materials, 409, Article 133887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.133887
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