Effects of injection timing of diesel fuel on performance and emission of dual fuel diesel engine powered by diesel/E85 fuels
Abstract
The paper presents the results of the investigation of Dual Fuel (DF) diesel engines powered by high bioethanol contain fuel – E85. The object of the investigation is a three-cylinder Compression Ignition (CI) Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) powered by diesel oil and bioethanol fuel E85 injected into the intake port as a DF engine. With the increase in the share of E85 fuel the highest intensification of the combustion process takes place in the main stage of the combustion and the ignition delay increases as well. The researchers are conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method; the results of the investigation are successfully verified based on the indicator diagrams, heat performance rate and emissions. Based on CFD results the cross sections investigation of the combustion chamber it can be seen that in case of the DF engine, the flame front propagates with a higher speed. The initial phase of the combustion starts in a different location of the combustion chamber than in the classic CI engine. Replacement of diesel fuel by E85 in 20% resulted in the shortening of the combustion duration more than 2-times. With the increase of energetic share in E85 the soot emission is decreased at all ranges of the analysed operations of the engine. The oppositerelationship was observed in case of NO emission. With the increase of E85 in the fuel, the emission of NO increased.
Keyword : dual fuel engine, diesel engine, exhaust emission, modelling, combustion
How to Cite
Tutak, W., Jamrozik, A., Bereczky, Ákos, & Lukacs, K. (2018). Effects of injection timing of diesel fuel on performance and emission of dual fuel diesel engine powered by diesel/E85 fuels. Transport, 33(3), 633-646. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2018.1572
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W. 2010. Modelling of combustion process in the gas test engine, in 2010 Proceedings of VIth International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH), 20–23 April 2010, Lviv, Ukraine, 14–17.
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W.; Kociszewski, A.; Sosnowski, M. 2013. Numerical simulation of two-stage combustion in SI engine with prechamber, Applied Mathematical Modelling 37(5): 2961–2982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.040
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Luft, S. 2010. A dual-fuel compression ignition engine – distinctive features, Combustion Engines (2): 33–39.
Ma, S.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Yao, M. 2013. Experimental investigation of the effects of diesel injection strategy on gasoline/diesel dual-fuel combustion, Applied Energy 109: 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.012
Ma, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhang, D. 2014. Effect of a homogeneous combustion catalyst on the characteristics of diesel soot emitted from a compression ignition engine, Applied Energy 113: 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.028
Merola, S. S.; Tornatore, C.; Iannuzzi, S. E.; Marchitto, L.; Valentino, G. 2014. Combustion process investigation in a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blend by conventional methods and optical diagnostics, Renewable Energy 64: 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.017
Morsy, M. H. 2015. Assessment of a direct injection diesel engine fumigated with ethanol/water mixtures, Energy Conversion and Management 94: 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.086
Padala, S.; Woo, C.; Kook, S.; Hawkes, E. R. 2013. Ethanol utilisation in a diesel engine using dual-fuelling technology, Fuel 109: 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.049
Rakopoulos, C. D.; Antonopoulos, K. A.; Rakopoulos, D. C.; Hountalas, D. T. 2008a. Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol–diesel fuel blends, Energy Conversion and Management 49(4): 625–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.035
Rakopoulos, D. C.; Rakopoulos, C. D.; Kakaras, E. C.; Giakoumis, E. G. 2008b. Effects of ethanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of heavy duty DI diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 49(11): 3155–3162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.05.023
Raslavičius, L.; Bazaras, Ž. 2010. The possibility of increasing the quantity of oxygenates in fuel blends with no diesel engine modifications, Transport 25(1): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.11
Raslavičius, L.; Bazaras, Ž. 2009. The analysis of the motor characteristics of D–RME–E fuel blend during on‐field tests, Transport 24(3): 187–191. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.187-191
Reşitoğlu, İ. A.; Altinişik, K.; Keskin, A. 2015. The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17(1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
Şahin, Z.; Durgun, O. 2013. Improving of diesel combustion-pollution-fuel economy and performance by gasoline fumigation, Energy Conversion and Management 76: 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.068
Şahin, Z.; Durgun, O.; Kurt, M. 2015. Experimental investigation of improving diesel combustion and engine performance by ethanol fumigation-heat release and flammability analysis, Energy Conversion and Management 89: 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.053
Sarathy, S. M.; Oßwald, P.; Hansen, N.; Kohse-Höinghaus, K. 2014. Alcohol combustion chemistry, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 44: 40–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.04.003
Sarjovaara, T.; Larmi, M. 2015. Dual fuel diesel combustion with an E85 ethanol/gasoline blend, Fuel 139: 704–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.049
Sarjovaara, T.; Alantie, J.; Larmi, M. 2013. Ethanol dual-fuel combustion concept on heavy duty engine, Energy 63: 76–85.
Sarjovaara, T.; Larmi, M.; Vuorinen, V. 2015. Effect of charge air temperature on E85 dual-fuel diesel combustion, Fuel 153: 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.096
Sayin, C.; Canakci, M. 2009. Effects of injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 50(1): 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.007
Siwale, L.; Lukács, K.; Torok, A.; Bereczky, A.; Mbarawa, M.; Penninger, A.; Kolesnikov, A. 2013. Combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blend in a turbocharged compression ignition engine, Fuel 107: 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.083
Splitter, D. A.; Reitz, R. D. 2014. Fuel reactivity effects on the efficiency and operational window of dual-fuel compression ignition engines, Fuel 118: 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.10.045
Tutak, W. 2014. Bioethanol E85 as a fuel for dual fuel diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 86: 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.016
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2016. Validation and optimization of the thermal cycle for a diesel engine by computational fluid dynamics modeling, Applied Mathematical Modelling 40(13–14): 6293–6309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2016.02.021
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2014. Generator gas as a fuel to power a diesel engine, Thermal Science 18(1): 205–216. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI130228063T
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2011. Characteristics of the flow field in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion test engine, Chemical and Process Engineering 32(3): 203–214. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0016-4
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A.; Kociszewski, A. 2011. Improved emission characteristics of SI test engine by EGR, in 2011 Proceedings of VIIth International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH), 11–14 May 2011, Polyana, Ukraine, 101–103.
Tutak, W.; Lukács, K.; Szwaja, S.; Bereczky, Á. 2015. Alcohol–diesel fuel combustion in the compression ignition engine, Fuel 154: 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.071
Valentino, G.; Iannuzzi, S.; Marchitto, L.; Merola, S.; Tornatore, C. 2014. Optical investigation of postinjection strategy effect at the exhaust line of a light-duty diesel engine supplied with diesel/butanol and biodiesel blends, Journal of Energy Engineering 140(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000155
Vallinayagam, R.; Vedharaj, S.; Yang, W. M.; Saravanan, C. G.; Lee, P. S.; Chua, K. J. E.; Chou, S. K. 2014. Impact of pine oil biofuel fumigation on gaseous emissions from a diesel engine, Fuel Processing Technology 124: 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.012
Wei, L.; Geng, P. 2016. A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance, Fuel Processing Technology 142: 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018
Zhang, Z. H.; Cheung, C. S.; Chan, T. L.; Yao, C. D. 2009. Emission reduction from diesel engine using fumigation methanol and diesel oxidation catalyst, Science of the Total Environment 407(15): 4497–4505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.036
Zhang, Z. H.; Cheung, C. S.; Chan, T. L.; Yao, C. D. 2010. Experimental investigation of regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with Euro V diesel fuel and fumigation methanol, Atmospheric Environment 44(8): 1054–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.017
Zöldy, M. 2011. Ethanol–biodiesel–diesel blends as a diesel extender option on compression ignition engines, Transport 26(3): 303–309. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.623824
Zöldy, M.; Török, Á. 2015. Road transport liquid fuel today and tomorrow: literature overview, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 43(4): 172–176. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.8095
Appel, J.; Bockhorn, H.; Frenklach, M. 2000. Kinetic modeling of soot formation with detailed chemistry and physics: laminar premixed flames of C2 hydrocarbons, Combustion and Flame 121(1–2): 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-2180(99)00135-2
AVL LIST GmbH. 2013. AVL FIRE: User Manual. V 2013.1. Graz, Austria.
Barik, D.; Murugan, S. 2014. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke in a dual fuel DI diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 84: 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.042
Bockhorn, H. 1994. Soot Formation in Combustion: Mechanisms and Models. Springer. 597 p. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85167-4
Can, Ö.; Çelikten, İ.; Usta, N. 2004. Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection Diesel engine running at different injection pressures, Energy Conversion and Management 45(15–16): 2429–2440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.024
Colin, O.; Benkenida, A. 2004. The 3-zones extended coherent flame model (ecfm3z) for computing premixed/diffusion combustion, Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 59(6): 593–609. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2004043
EC. 2009. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. 47 p. Available from Internet: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&from=EN
Heywood, J. 2011. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. Tata McGraw Hill Education. 960 p.
Irimescu, A.; Marchitto, L.; Merola, S. S.; Tornatore, C.; Valentino, G. 2015. Combustion process investigations in an optically accessible DISI engine fuelled with n-butanol during part load operation, Renewable Energy 77: 363–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.029
Jamrozik, A. 2015. Lean combustion by a pre-chamber charge stratification in a stationary spark ignited engine, Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 29(5): 2269–2278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-015-0145-7
Jamrozik, A. 2009. Modelling of two-stage combustion process in SI engine with prechamber, in MEMSTECH 2009: 2009 5th International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design – 2009, 22–24 April 2009, Zakarpattya, Ukraine, 13–16.
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W. 2014. Theoretical analysis of air-fuel mixture formation in the combustion chambers of the gas engine with two-stage combustion system, Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences: the Journal of Polish Academy of Sciences 62(4): 779–790. https://doi.org/10.2478/bpasts-2014-0085
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W. 2011. A study of performance and emissions of SI engine with a two-stage combustion system, Chemical and Process Engineering: the Journal of Committee of Chemical and Process of Polish Academy of Sciences 32(4): 453–471. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0036-0
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W. 2010. Modelling of combustion process in the gas test engine, in 2010 Proceedings of VIth International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH), 20–23 April 2010, Lviv, Ukraine, 14–17.
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W.; Kociszewski, A.; Sosnowski, M. 2013. Numerical simulation of two-stage combustion in SI engine with prechamber, Applied Mathematical Modelling 37(5): 2961–2982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2012.07.040
Jamrozik, A.; Tutak, W.; Pyrc, M.; Sobiepański, M. 2017. Effect of diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blend on combustion, performance, and emissions characteristics on a direct injection diesel engine, Thermal Science 21(1): 591–604. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI160913275J
Kim, B.; Yoon, W.; Ryu, S.; Ha, J. 2005. Effect of the injector nozzle hole diameter and number on the spray characteristics and the combustion performance in medium-speed diesel marine engines, SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-3853. https://doi.org/10.4271/2005-01-3853
Labeckas, G.; Slavinskas, S.; Mažeika, M. 2014. The effect of ethanol–diesel–biodiesel blends on combustion, performance and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 79: 698–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.12.064
Lebedevas, S.; Lebedeva, G., Žaglinskis, J.; Rapalis, P.; Gudaitytė, I. 2013. Research of characteristics of working cycle of high-speed diesel engine operating on biofuels RME–E and D–RME–E. Part 2. Indicators and characteristics of heat release in diesel cylinder, Transport 28(3): 217–223. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2013.828652
López, J. J.; Novella, R.; García, A.; Winklinger, J. F. 2013. Investigation of the ignition and combustion processes of a dual-fuel spray under diesel-like conditions using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling, Mathematical and Computer Modelling 57(7–8): 1897–1906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.12.030
Luft, S. 2010. A dual-fuel compression ignition engine – distinctive features, Combustion Engines (2): 33–39.
Ma, S.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, H.; Zhang, Q.; Yao, M. 2013. Experimental investigation of the effects of diesel injection strategy on gasoline/diesel dual-fuel combustion, Applied Energy 109: 202–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.04.012
Ma, Y.; Zhu, M.; Zhang, D. 2014. Effect of a homogeneous combustion catalyst on the characteristics of diesel soot emitted from a compression ignition engine, Applied Energy 113: 751–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.028
Merola, S. S.; Tornatore, C.; Iannuzzi, S. E.; Marchitto, L.; Valentino, G. 2014. Combustion process investigation in a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blend by conventional methods and optical diagnostics, Renewable Energy 64: 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.11.017
Morsy, M. H. 2015. Assessment of a direct injection diesel engine fumigated with ethanol/water mixtures, Energy Conversion and Management 94: 406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.086
Padala, S.; Woo, C.; Kook, S.; Hawkes, E. R. 2013. Ethanol utilisation in a diesel engine using dual-fuelling technology, Fuel 109: 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.049
Rakopoulos, C. D.; Antonopoulos, K. A.; Rakopoulos, D. C.; Hountalas, D. T. 2008a. Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol–diesel fuel blends, Energy Conversion and Management 49(4): 625–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.035
Rakopoulos, D. C.; Rakopoulos, C. D.; Kakaras, E. C.; Giakoumis, E. G. 2008b. Effects of ethanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and exhaust emissions of heavy duty DI diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 49(11): 3155–3162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.05.023
Raslavičius, L.; Bazaras, Ž. 2010. The possibility of increasing the quantity of oxygenates in fuel blends with no diesel engine modifications, Transport 25(1): 81–88. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.11
Raslavičius, L.; Bazaras, Ž. 2009. The analysis of the motor characteristics of D–RME–E fuel blend during on‐field tests, Transport 24(3): 187–191. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2009.24.187-191
Reşitoğlu, İ. A.; Altinişik, K.; Keskin, A. 2015. The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems, Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17(1): 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9
Şahin, Z.; Durgun, O. 2013. Improving of diesel combustion-pollution-fuel economy and performance by gasoline fumigation, Energy Conversion and Management 76: 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.068
Şahin, Z.; Durgun, O.; Kurt, M. 2015. Experimental investigation of improving diesel combustion and engine performance by ethanol fumigation-heat release and flammability analysis, Energy Conversion and Management 89: 175–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.053
Sarathy, S. M.; Oßwald, P.; Hansen, N.; Kohse-Höinghaus, K. 2014. Alcohol combustion chemistry, Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 44: 40–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2014.04.003
Sarjovaara, T.; Larmi, M. 2015. Dual fuel diesel combustion with an E85 ethanol/gasoline blend, Fuel 139: 704–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.049
Sarjovaara, T.; Alantie, J.; Larmi, M. 2013. Ethanol dual-fuel combustion concept on heavy duty engine, Energy 63: 76–85.
Sarjovaara, T.; Larmi, M.; Vuorinen, V. 2015. Effect of charge air temperature on E85 dual-fuel diesel combustion, Fuel 153: 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.02.096
Sayin, C.; Canakci, M. 2009. Effects of injection timing on the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 50(1): 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2008.06.007
Siwale, L.; Lukács, K.; Torok, A.; Bereczky, A.; Mbarawa, M.; Penninger, A.; Kolesnikov, A. 2013. Combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blend in a turbocharged compression ignition engine, Fuel 107: 409–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.11.083
Splitter, D. A.; Reitz, R. D. 2014. Fuel reactivity effects on the efficiency and operational window of dual-fuel compression ignition engines, Fuel 118: 163–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.10.045
Tutak, W. 2014. Bioethanol E85 as a fuel for dual fuel diesel engine, Energy Conversion and Management 86: 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.05.016
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2016. Validation and optimization of the thermal cycle for a diesel engine by computational fluid dynamics modeling, Applied Mathematical Modelling 40(13–14): 6293–6309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2016.02.021
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2014. Generator gas as a fuel to power a diesel engine, Thermal Science 18(1): 205–216. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI130228063T
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A. 2011. Characteristics of the flow field in the combustion chamber of the internal combustion test engine, Chemical and Process Engineering 32(3): 203–214. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10176-011-0016-4
Tutak, W.; Jamrozik, A.; Kociszewski, A. 2011. Improved emission characteristics of SI test engine by EGR, in 2011 Proceedings of VIIth International Conference on Perspective Technologies and Methods in MEMS Design (MEMSTECH), 11–14 May 2011, Polyana, Ukraine, 101–103.
Tutak, W.; Lukács, K.; Szwaja, S.; Bereczky, Á. 2015. Alcohol–diesel fuel combustion in the compression ignition engine, Fuel 154: 196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.071
Valentino, G.; Iannuzzi, S.; Marchitto, L.; Merola, S.; Tornatore, C. 2014. Optical investigation of postinjection strategy effect at the exhaust line of a light-duty diesel engine supplied with diesel/butanol and biodiesel blends, Journal of Energy Engineering 140(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EY.1943-7897.0000155
Vallinayagam, R.; Vedharaj, S.; Yang, W. M.; Saravanan, C. G.; Lee, P. S.; Chua, K. J. E.; Chou, S. K. 2014. Impact of pine oil biofuel fumigation on gaseous emissions from a diesel engine, Fuel Processing Technology 124: 44–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.02.012
Wei, L.; Geng, P. 2016. A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance, Fuel Processing Technology 142: 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018
Zhang, Z. H.; Cheung, C. S.; Chan, T. L.; Yao, C. D. 2009. Emission reduction from diesel engine using fumigation methanol and diesel oxidation catalyst, Science of the Total Environment 407(15): 4497–4505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.036
Zhang, Z. H.; Cheung, C. S.; Chan, T. L.; Yao, C. D. 2010. Experimental investigation of regulated and unregulated emissions from a diesel engine fueled with Euro V diesel fuel and fumigation methanol, Atmospheric Environment 44(8): 1054–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.12.017
Zöldy, M. 2011. Ethanol–biodiesel–diesel blends as a diesel extender option on compression ignition engines, Transport 26(3): 303–309. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2011.623824
Zöldy, M.; Török, Á. 2015. Road transport liquid fuel today and tomorrow: literature overview, Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering 43(4): 172–176. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPtr.8095