“Creative placemaking”: a conceptual model fostering social cohesion in community spaces within residential environments
Abstract
There has been research on the significance of placemaking as a process for user health and well-being and how that affects their way of life in urban planning and development. Creative placemaking, one of the most effective paradigms for making social sustainability, lacks community attributes for social cohesion in planning and design techniques for community spaces, which is the focus of the study. A conceptual model for the inclusion of the concept of creative placemaking in community open spaces to enhance social cohesion in residential environments are proposed in this study. The study employs a qualitative approach to determine the elements and indicators of creative place placemaking considering placemaking as a social process. Community open spaces in a residential neighbourhood were shown to be developing creative placemaking indicators based on theoretical Research VIZ: a) place attachment, b) connection to nature, c) sense of place, d) place memory, e) happy place mapping, and f) image and identity that altogether significantly could contribute towards effective social cohesion in these spaces.
Keyword : connection to nature, creative placemaking, happy place mapping, image and identity, place attachment, place memory, sense of place, social cohesion
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Afrin, S., Chowdhury, F. J., & Rahman, Md. M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: Rethinking strategies for resilient urban design, perceptions, and planning. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2021.668263
Akbar, P. N. G., & Edelenbos, J. (2021). Positioning place-making as a social process: A systematic literature review. Cogent Social Sciences, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2021.1905920
Alzahrani, A., Borsi, K., & Jarman, D. (2017). Place-making and its implications for social value: A comparison study of two urban squares in London. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 12(4), 752–762. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N4-752-762
Ameijde, van J., Yu Ma, Ch., Goepel, G., Kirsten, C., & Wong, J. (2022). Data-driven placemaking: Public space canopy design through multi-objective optimisation considering shading, structural and social performance. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 11(2), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2021.10.007
Aniello, C., Morgan, K., Busbey, A., & Newland, L. (1995). Mapping micro-urban heat islands using LANDSAT TM and a GIS. Computers and Geosciences, 21(8), 965–967, 969. https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-3004(95)00033-5
Arnberger, A., & Eder, R. (2012). The influence of green space on community attachment of urban and suburban residents. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11(1), 41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2011.11.003
Badar, R., & Bahadure, S. (2020). Neighbourhood open spaces for social cohesion. E3S Web of Conferences, 170. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017006019
Barkhuus, L., & Wohn, D. Y. (2019). Making the city my own: Uses and practices of mobile location technologies for exploration of a new city. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 23, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-018-01191-z
Bele, A., & Wasade, N. (2018). Perception, use and experience of urban open spaces – case studies of neighbourhood public parks in Nagpur. International Journal of Science and Research, 7(9), 712–717.
Bertossi Urzua, C., Ruiz, M. A., Pajak, A., Kozela, M., Kubinova, R., Malyutina, S., Peasey, A., Pikhart, H., Marmot, M., & Bobak, M. (2019). The prospective relationship between social cohesion and depressive symptoms among older adults from Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 73, 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-211063
Bierwiaczonek, K., Gawron, G., Pyka, R., & Suchacka, M. (2020). Innovation places: Theoretical and methodological remarks for analysing metropolitan creativity and innovations. Creativity Studies, 13(2), 532–551. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.11992
Blumer, H. (1969). Fashion: From class differentiation to collective selection. The Sociological Quarterly, 10(3), 275–291. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1969.tb01292.x
Boby, N. M., Dash, P. Sh., & Shetty, D. (2019). Exploring feasibility of incorporating vertical gardens in Indian context. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(4), 9336–9341. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.D9518.118419
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015). The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition. Landscape and Urban Planning, 138, 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005
Brown, B. B., & Perkins, D. D. (1992). Disruptions in place attachment. In I. Altman & S. M. Low (Eds.), Human behavior and environment: advances in theory and research: Vol. 12. Place attachment (pp. 279–304). Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8753-4_13
Carmona, M. (2021). Public places, urban spaces: The dimensions of urban design. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158457
Castell, P. (2006). Space for community – the study of resident involvement in neighbourhood space management. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 93, 703–712. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC060671
Chamorro-Koc, M., & Caldwell, G. (2018). Viable futures through design: Community engagement experiences in the creative industries. Creativity Studies, 11(1), 213–229. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2018.857
Chitgopkar, Sh., Dash, Sh., P., & Walimbe, S. (2020). Gated community living: A study of contemporary residential development approach in Indian cities. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 17(9), 7437–7451.
Clayton, S., Colléony, A., Conversy, P., Maclouf, E., Martin, L., Torres, A.-C., Truong, M.-X., & Prévot, A.-C. (2017). Transformation of experience: Toward a new relationship with nature. Conservation Letters: A Journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 10(5), 645–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12337
Cohen, M., Quinn, J. E., Marshall, D., & Sharp, T. (2019). Sustainability assessment of a community open space vision. Sustainability Science, 14, 1565–1580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00659-y
Colléony, A., White, R., & Shwartz, A. (2019). The influence of spending time outside on experience of nature and environmental attitudes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 187, 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.03.010
Cramm, J. M., Dijk, van H. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2013). The importance of neighborhood social cohesion and social capital for the well being of older adults in the community. The Gerontologist, 53(1), 142–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gns052
Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2015). Social cohesion and belonging predict the well-being of community-dwelling older people. BMC Geriatrics, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0027-y
Cresswell, T. (2004). Short introductions to geography. Place: A short introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.
Dash, Sh. P. (2017). A sustainable approach towards development of an Island Community. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology, 4(1), 32–38.
Dash, S. P. (2020). To study the impact of neighborhood planning on healthy ageing. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(2), 3439–3453.
Dash, Sh. P., & Jivan Pati, D. (2021). A review on exploring the characteristics of neighbourhood spaces in residential environments: Case study of Indian housing projects. Journal of Tianjin University Science and Technology, 54(7), 506–523.
Dash, Sh. P., & Rama Devi, N. (2018). Behavioural impact of interior landscaping on human psychology. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(2), 661–674.
Dash, Sh. P., & Thilagam, N. L. (2022). A study on inter- relationship of open space and social cohesion for wellbeing of elderly: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Built Environment and Sustainability, 9(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.11113/ijbes.v9.n1.880
Dijk, van H. M., Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2013). Social cohesion as perceived by community-dwelling older people: The role of individual and neighbourhood characteristics. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 8(2), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.13210
Dwipantara Putra, B., Horne, R., & Hurley, J. (2019). Place, space and identity through greening in Kampung Kota. Journal of Regional and City Planning, 30(3), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2019.30.3.3
Ekomadyo, A. S., Nurfadillah, A., Kartamihardja, A., & Cungwin, A. J. (2018). Becoming heritage: A place-making study of old neighbourhood marketplace in Bandung. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. The 4th PlanoCosmo International Conference, 158(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/158/1/012012
Ellery, P. J., Ellery, J., & Borkowsky, M. (2021). Toward a theoretical understanding of placemaking. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 4, 55–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-020-00078-3
Elsawahli, H., Ahmad, F., & Ali, A. Sh. (2014). New urbanism design principles and young elderly active lifestyle: An analysis of TTDI neighbourhood in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Urban Design International, 19, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2013.22
Feng, Z., Cramm, J. M., & Nieboer, A. P. (2021). Associations of social cohesion and socioeconomic status with health behaviours among middle-aged and older Chinese people. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094894
Frantzeskaki, N., & Kabisch, N. (2016). Designing a knowledge co-production operating space for urban environmental governance – lessons from Rotterdam, Netherlands and Berlin, Germany. Environmental Science and Policy, 62, 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.010
Franz, M., Güles, O., & Prey, G. (2008). Place‐making and “green” reuses of brownfields in the Ruhr. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 99(3), 316–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2008.00464.x
Friedmann, J. (2010). Place and place-making in cities: A global perspective. Planning Theory and Pratice, 11(2), 149–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649351003759573
Furlan, R., Petruccioli, A., & Jamaleddin, M. (2019). The authenticity of place-making: Space and character of the regenerated historic district in Msheireb, Downtown Doha (State of Qatar). Archnet-IJAR, 13(1), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-11-2018-0009
Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for people. Island Press.
Giles-Corti, B., Broomhall, M. H., Knuiman, M., Collins, C., Douglas, K., Ng, K., Lange, A., & Donovan, R. J. (2005). Increasing walking: How important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(2), 169–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.10.018
Gulsrud, N. M., Hertzog, K., & Shears, I. (2018). Innovative urban forestry governance in Melbourne? Investigating “green placemaking” as a nature-based solution. Environmental Research, 161, 158–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.005
Gwiaździński, E., Kaczorowska-Spychalska, D., & Moreira Pinto, L. (2020). Is it a smart city a creative place? Creativity Studies, 13(2), 460–476. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.12190
Habibah, A., Mushrifah, I., Hamzah, J., Er, A. C., Buang, A., Toriman, M. E., Selvadurai, S., & Zaimah, R. (2013). Place-making of ecotourism in Tasik Chini: From exploratory to the contemporary biosphere reserve. Asian Social Science, 9(6), 84–95. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v9n6p84
Haywood, B. K., Parrish, J. K., & Dolliver, J. (2016). Place-based and data-rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action. Conservation Biology, 30(3), 476–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12702
Hess, M., & Naegele, L. (2018). Germany. In P. Becker, J. Schütz, & A. Zimmermann (Eds.), Population Europe discussion papers series. Ageing workforce, social cohesion and sustainable development: Political challenges within the Baltic Sea Region (Discussion Paper No. 109) (pp. 17–20). A. Edel (Ed.). Newprint Blue GmbH.
Hifz Ur Rahman, M., & Singh, A. (2019). Disability and social cohesion among older adults: A multi-country study. International Journal of Social Economics, 46(4), 485–502. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-05-2018-0230
Inishev, I. (2018). Embedded creativity: Structural interconnections between materiality, visuality, and agency in everyday perceptual settings. Creativity Studies, 11(1), 70–84. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2018.541
Iwińska, K. (2017). Towards better participatory planning: Guide to place-making [Master’s Thesis, Utrecht University, Netherlands]. https://studenttheses.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12932/28319/Master%20thesis%20Katarzyna%20Iwinska%205894824.pdf?sequence=1
Jacobs, J. (1992). The death and life of great American cities. Vintage Books.
Jonsson, P. (2004). Vegetation as an urban climate control in the subtropical city of Gaborone, Botswana. International Journal of Climatology, 24(10), 1307–1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1064
Kaźmierczak, A. (2013). The contribution of local parks to neighbourhood social ties. Landscape and Urban Planning, 109(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.05.007
Kenter, J. O., Raymond, Ch. M., Riper, van C. J., Azzopardi, E., Brear, M. R., Calcagni, F., Christie, I., Christie, M., Fordham, A., Gould, R. K., Ives, Ch. D., Hejnowicz, A. P., Gunton, R., Horcea-Milcu, A.-I., Kendal, D., Kronenberg, J., Massenberg, J. R., O’Connor, S., Ravenscroft, N., Rawluk, A., Raymond, I. J., Rodríguez Morales, J., & Thankappan, S. (2019). Loving the mess: Navigating diversity and conflict in social values for sustainability. Sustainability Science, 14, 1439–1461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-019-00726-4
Kleinhans, R. (2009). Does social capital affect residents’ propensity to move from restructured neighbourhoods? Housing Studies, 24(5), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030903085784
Knibbe, M., & Horstman, K. (2019). The making of new care spaces: How micropublic places mediate inclusion and exclusion in a Dutch city. Health and Place, 57, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.03.008
Koohsari, M. J., Karakiewicz, J. A., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2012). Public open space and walking: The role of proximity, perceptual qualities of the surrounding built environment, and street configuration. Environment and Behavior, 45(6), 706–736. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916512440876
Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. P. (2011). Greenspace and obesity: A Systematic review of the evidence. Obesity Reviews, 12(5), 183–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00827.x
Lak, A., & Kheibari, Sh. Z. (2020). Towards a framework for facilitating the implementation of tactical urbanism practices: Assessment criteria in the place-making approach in Iran. Geoforum, 115, 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.07.003
Landry, Ch. (2008). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators. Comedia/Earthscan.
Leopold, A. (1968). A Sand County Almanac, and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press.
Lepofsky, J., & Fraser, J. C. (2003). Building community citizens: Claiming the right to place-making in the city. Urban Studies, 40(1), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980220080201
Lew, A. A. (2017). Tourism planning and place making: Place-making or placemaking? Tourism Geographies: An International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment, 19(3), 448–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1282007
Lewicka, M. (2008). Place attachment, place identity, and place memory: Restoring the forgotten city past. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(3), 209–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.02.001
Lilburne, G. R. (1989). A sense of place: A Christian theology of the land. Abingdon Press.
Limburg, van B. (2019). The placemaking tube. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Lynch, K. (1990). The image of the city. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
Maas, J., Verheij, R. A., Vries, de S., Spreeuwenberg, P., Schellevis, F. G., & Groenewegen, P. P. (2009). Morbidity is related to a green living environment. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 63, 967–973. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2008.079038
Markusen, A., & Nicodemus, A. G. (2014). Creative placemaking: How to do it well. Community Development Investment Review, 10(2), 35–42.
Mishra, N. (2019). Social life on commercial street: A case of commercial markets of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 8(7), 209–221.
Mowla, Q. A. (2004). Memory association in place making: Understanding an urban space. Memory, 9(52–54). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267834560_Memory_Association_in_Place_Making_Understanding_an_Urban_Space
Nikounam Nezami, H., & Asadpour, A. (2021). Social capital and the spatial quality of neighborhoods: Parameters, indicators and strategies. ITU A/Z: Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 18(2), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2021.49374
Oakley, S., & Johnson, L. (2012). Place-taking and place-making in waterfront renewal, Australia. Urban Studies, 50(2), 341–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098012452328
Othman, S., Nishimura, Y., & Kubota, A. (2013). Memory association in place making: A review. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 554–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.384
Pancholi, S., Yigitcanlar, T., & Guaralda, M. (2018). Societal integration that matters: Place making experience of Macquarie park innovation District, Sydney. City, Culture and Society, 13, 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2017.09.004
Pereira, G., Foster, S., Martin, K., Christian, H., Boruff, B. J., Knuiman, M., & Giles-Corti, B. (2012). The association between neighborhood greenness and cardiovascular disease: An observational study. BMC Public Health, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-466
Platt, L. C. (2017). Crafting place: Women’s everyday creativity in placemaking processes. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(3), 362–377. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367549417722090
Raymond, Ch. M., Brown, G., & Weber, D. (2010). The measurement of place attachment: Personal, community, and environmental connections. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(4), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.08.002
Roshan, G., & Moghbel, M. (2020). Rain and snow event cooling effect: A comparison on outdoor and indoor thermal comfort in Ardabil, Northwest of Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 142, 1581–1594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03403-0
Salizzoni, E., & Pérez-Campaña, R. (2019). Design for biodiverse urban landscapes: Connecting place-making to place-keeping. Ri-Vista: Research for Landscape Architecture, 17(2), 130–149.
Scannell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
Schneekloth, L. H., & Shibley, R. G. (1995). Placemaking: The art and practice of building communities. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sepe, M. (2017a). Placemaking, livability and public spaces: Achieving sustainability through happy places. The Journal of Public Space, 2(4), 63–76. https://doi.org/10.5204/jps.v2i4.141
Sepe, M. (2017b). The role of public space to achieve urban happiness. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 12(4), 724–733. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N4-724-733
Sofield, T., Guia, J., & Specht, J. (2017). Organic “Folkloric” community driven place-making and tourism. Tourism Management, 61, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.01.002
Soga, M., & Gaston, K. J. (2016). Extinction of experience: The loss of human–nature interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 14(2), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1225
Sousa, de Ch. A. (2003). Turning brownfields into green space in the city of Toronto. Landscape and Urban Planning, 62(4), 181–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(02)00149-4
Stedman, R. C. (2002). Toward a social psychology of place: Predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity. Environment and Behavior, 34(5), 561–581. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916502034005001
Stoletov, A. (2016). Social creativity and phenomenon of success in postindustrial society. Creativity Studies, 9(2), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.3846/23450479.2016.1223765
Sweeney, J., Mee, K., McGuirk, P., & Ruming, K. (2018). Assembling placemaking: The making and remaking of place in the regeneration of the post-industrial city. Cultural Geographies, 25(4), 571–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474018778560
Thwaites, K., & Simkins, I. (2005). Experiential landscape place: Exploring experiential potential in neighbourhood settings. Urban Design International, 10, 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.udi.9000134
Wesener, A., Fox-Kämper, R., Sondermann, M., & Münderlein, D. (2020). Placemaking in action: Factors that support or obstruct the development of urban community gardens. Sustainability, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020657
Whyte, W. H. (2001). The social life of small urban spaces. Project for Public Spaces.
Williams, D. R. (2014). Making sense of “Place”: Reflections on pluralism and positionality in place research. Landscape and Urban Planning, 131, 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.08.002
Woods, M. (2010). Performing rurality and practising rural geography. Progress in Human Geography, 34(6), 835–846. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132509357356
Woolley, H. (2003). Urban open spaces. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203402146
Yin, N., & Bennett, N. G. (2012). Aging societies. In H. K. Anheier & M. Juergensmeyer (Eds.), The encyclopedia of global studies (Vol. 4, pp. 308–309). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Yu, K.-H., Chen, Y.-A., Jaimes, E., Wu, W.-Ch., Liao, K.-K., Liao, J.-Ch., Lu, K.-Ch., Sheu, W.-J., & Wang, Ch.-Ch. (2021). Optimization of thermal comfort, indoor quality, and energy-saving in campus classroom through deep Q learning. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2021.100842
Zhang, Zh., Fisher, Th., & Feng, G. (2020). Assessing the rationality and walkability of campus layouts. Sustainability, 12(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310116
Zylstra, M. J., Knight, A. T., Esler, K. J., & Grange, le L. L. L. (2014). Connectedness as a core conservation concern: An interdisciplinary review of theory and a call for practice. Springer Science Reviews, 2, 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40362-014-0021-3